वेदना पूर्णांक - ७१

वेदना 

;flxlTos q}dfl;s

पूर्णांक ७१  

;Dkfbs

lgg' rfkfufO{+ 

dft[sf kf]v/]n

प्रकाशक 
दिल बरदान
सुवास श्रेष्ठ

;DkfbsLo

l;h{gfdflysf] x:tIf]k aGb ul/of];\ 

sljtf

b'uf{nfn >]i7 M Pp6f b[Zo                                                    

zlQm nD;fn M d– ;don] g} eGg]5                                           

laqmd ;'Aaf M Pp6f bGTosyf                                                

ldqnfn k+1fgL M of] b]z laUo|f] lsg <                                         

r+sL >]i7 M sfofsNk                                                        

dgf]h Gof}kfg] M e'O“rfnf]sf] b[Zo                                             

ab|Lljzfn kf]v/]n M lsg eL/ vf]Hg'x'G5 <                                      

nIdL dfnL M hLjg aUg'k5{                                                  

nlnt a:g]t ‘ledfnL’ M el/of                                                

aneb| ef/tL M ef]ln laxfg;Dd                                              

r]tgfy wdnf M s]xL ufp“vfg] sljtf                                        

czf]s ;'j]bL M cfdfnfO{ lr¶L                                                 

k|df]b :g]xL M d plePsf] hldg                                               

OGb|s'df/ >]i7 M uhn 

 syf÷n3' syf

l/r8{ /fO6 M 5f]/fsf] gfddf                                                  

/fdk|;fb 1jfnL M k|eftsfnLg ;dfrf/                                        

l;=Pd= clkn lrtf}g] M td;'s 

                                               

;dfnf]rgf÷;flxTo lrGtg÷;+:s[lt–lrGtg

/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL M cf}kGofl;s tŒjsf ;Gbe{df ‘/ftf] cfsfz’ pkGof;sf] cWoog    

8f= hubLzrGb| e08f/L M hLjg / o'usf] k|ltlaDag M ‘t/ klg xfdL hLljt 5f}+’    

hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L M ;flxTosf/ hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+ / pgsf] sfJosfl/tf             

x]dgfy kf}8]n M Clif/fd Gof}kfg] / pgsf] sljtfofqf            

/d]zk|;fb e§/fO{ M pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb / o;sf] d"n :j¿k    

;'s'd zdf{ M ‘uf]n3/sf] ;Gb]z’sf] ;Gb]z      

ef]uL/fh rflDnª M ul/vfg]x¿sf] gfddf sljtf M ‘tf/fx¿sf] j:tLdf’    

;DkfbsLo

l;h{gfdflysf]

x:tIf]k aGb ul/of];\ ⁄

      lg/+s'ztGq jf k|ltudg, ;z:q åGå / j}b]lzs x:tIf]k cfhsf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+s6sf ljleGg cleJolStx¿ x'g\ . lg/+s'ztGqs} kl/0ffd:j¿k @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt ;Lldt cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtfdfly ljleGg tl/sfn] s'7f/f3ft ug{] sfd cfh k|ltufdL tŒjx¿af6 ;j{q e}/x]sf] 5 . xfdL o;sf] tLj| lj/f]w ub{5f}+ / lgjf{w cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] l:ylt ;[hgf ug{ / ljBdfg ;+s6sf ljljw ¿kx¿nfO{ ;du|df ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfWodaf6 nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9\g e}/x]sf] cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ;xefuL aGg cfd ;[hgsdL{x¿nfO{ ;ljgo cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . 

          /fhfaf6 @)%( c;f]h !* kl5 ;'? ePsf] k|ltudgsf] ofqfn] @)^! df3 !( ut]kl5 Ps lsl;dn] u'0ffTds km8\sf] df/]sf] tYo s;}af6 l5k]sf] ljifo xf]Og . g]kfnsf] b/afl/of zlQm cfkm\gf] u'Db} uPsf] lg/ª\s'ztfsf] ‘:ju{’nfO{ kmsf{pg k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf;“u;“u} nflu;s]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgdf h];'s} pNn]v ul/P tfklg Jojxf/tM g]kfnL hgtfsf] xftdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf x:tfGt/0f gx'g' / ;]gf /fhfs} lgoGq0fdf /xg'sf] kl/0ffd lyof] of] . ut ztfAbLsf] gAa]sf] bzsb]lv g} k"“hLjfbL k|hftGqsf] ;+3if{df ;lqmo /x]sf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|hftGqsf] pTsif{sf] rfxgf @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gdf ;d]t cw'/f] / ck'/f] /x]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} lg/+s'ztGq Pjd\ k|ltufdL zlStn] km]l/ 6fpsf] p7fpg] cj;/ kfPsf] lyof] . /fhfsf] ;lqmo zf;gotf k~rfotsf] sfn/flqnfO{ k|z+;f ug{ / /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ clt/l~ht ¿kn] ufnL ug{ lg/ª\s'zjfbL zlQm of]hgfa4 ¿kn] nfu]sf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ 9f“6\g / cfkm\gf] lg/ª\s'ztfjfbL rl/qdfly kbf{ xfNg agfj6L /fi6«jfbsf] xf}jf /Rb} g]kfnL /fhgLltaf6 a9fl/Psf], kRrL; jif{b]lv ljb]lzPsf / ljleGg ck/fwx¿df ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ g} /fHosf] 8f8'k'Go" ;'Dkg] lg/+s'z tŒjsf] lqmofsnfkn] hgtfnfO{ 9f“6]/ cfkm\gf] ;Qf kmsf{pg] lg/+s'tfjfbLx¿sf] rfnafhLsf] gf6sLo kbf{ 5f]6f] ;dod} cgfj/0f e};s]sf] 5 . /rgfTds /fhtGqsf] gfddf ;Lldt k|hftflGqs xsclwsf/dfly k|xf/ u/]/ cfkm\gf] lg/+s'z ;Qf nfb\g] b'/fzo g} /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gsf] Ps dfq uGtJo xf] eGg] tYo /fhgLlts bnsf ljut afx| t]x| jif{sf] lqmofsnfkaf6 jfSs / lg/fz ePsf hgtf ;d]t oltv]/ k|:6 e};s]sf 5g\ .  

    @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{g j:t'ut cfjZostfcg'¿ksf] u'0ffTds kl/jt{g lyPg . To;}n] o; kl/jt{gaf6 hgrfxgfcg'¿k hgtfsf tfTsflns cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ x'g' ;Dej lyPg klg . t/ klg ;/sf/df k'u]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] kl/jt{gsf] ;Lldt cj;/nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ h] hlt ug{ ;lsg] lyof], Tolt klg hgrfxgfcg'¿k /rgfTds sfo{ ug'{sf] ;§f cfkm\gf ;Qfnf]n'k, :jfyL{, lxhf]sf ck/fwLx¿nfO{ 6fpsf]df /fv]/ ;/sf/ rnfpg] 3[l0ft sfo{ u/] / kh]/f] / dxn ;+:s[lt g} ljsl;t u/] . ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf ePsf r'gfjx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L dt NofPsf 7"nf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] lg/ª\s'ztGqsf h/fx¿dfly k|xf/ gu/]/ p;nfO{ v';L kfg]{ / ;'ljwfx¿ yKb} hfg] sfo{ u/]/ hgtfsf] nf]stGqk|ltsf]] rfxgfnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ uP . dfgf}+, pgLx¿sf nflu hgtfsf] rfxgf k|fylds of]hgfd} lyPg . ;ft ;fndf hgtfn] n8]/ k|fKt u/]sf] ;Lldt clwsf/nfO{ )!& ;fndf /fhfn] ;}lgs a'6n] s'Nr]kl5 hgtf km]l/ gof“ /f0ffx¿sf] lj?4df n8\g afWo eP . )$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 k|fKt ;Lldt clwsf/x¿dfly lg/ª\s'ztGqaf6 lu4] gh/ nufO/x“bf klg /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ lg/ª\s'ztGq;“u ;Demf}tf dfq ul//x] . d"ntM lg/+s'z tŒjx¿sf] k|hftGqlj/f]wL k|j[lQ / uf}0f ¿kdf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] oxL ;Demf}tfk/:t gLltn] ubf{ af/Daf/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] 6fpsf]dfly k|hftGqlj?4sf] t/af/ em'lG8/x\of] . oxL sf/0f g]kfnL hgtfn] cleJolQm :jtGqtfdflysf] x:tIf]knfO{ af/Daf/ em]Ng afWo x'g'k¥of] .

          lg/ª\s'ztGqn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] cleJolQm :jtGqtfdfly x:tIf]k u5{ . @)^! df3 !( kl5sf] 36gfqmdn] o; tYonfO{ /fd|/L k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . )$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 g]kfnL hgtfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;+u7g ug]{ :jtGqtfdfly c“Wof/f] s'gfdf ;'/lIft a;]/ ;fdGtL ;+:yfx¿n] bfuf wl//x]sf] tYo ;a}sf cl3lNt/ pbf·f] lyof] . @)^! df3 !( kl5 kqklqsfx¿dflysf] sf/afxL, Pkm=Pd=x¿af6 ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fdflysf] /f]s, 6]lnkmf]g / df]afOn kmf]gx¿dfly /f]sh:tf lqmofsnfkn] cfw'lgs ;dfhdf lg/ª\s'ztGqsf] ¿k slt;Dd l3gnfUbf] x'g] /x]5 eGg] tYo 5n{· kf/]sf] 5 .

          @)^! df3 !( sf] 36gf  d'n'snfO{ cu|udgsf] p2]Zoaf6 yflnPsf] ;z:q åGånfO{ k|ltudgsf] sf]0faf6 xn ug{ vf]lhPsf] /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk lyof] . of] h'g j:t'ut sf/0faf6 ;z:q åGå ljsl;t ePsf] lyof], To;nfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ bdgsf] e/df g} d'n's rnfpg] lx6n/L dxŒjfsf+Iffsf] cleJolQm lyof] / o;n] d'n'snfO{ emg} cl:y/tftkm{ ws]Ng' :jfefljs lyof] . /fhfsf] of] sbdn]  ;z:q åGånfO{ nDAofpg], jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{t cj/f]w ;[hgf ug]{ / b]znfO{ u[xo'4sf] ljgfztkm{ ws]Ng] ;+s]t lbOg} ;s]sf] 5 . o;af6 j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] vt/fnfO{ cem uf9f agfPsf] klg k|:6 g} 5 . b]zn] cu|ufdL lgsf; vf]lh/x]sf] a]nfdf ;fdGtL zlQmx¿sf] /fi6«nfO{ kl5 ws]Ng] o; of]hgfn] /fi6«nfO{ cem} IftljIft t'Nofpg] lglZrt} 5 .

     hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt ;Lldt cleJolQm :jtGqtfnfO{ vf]:g k|oTg ug]{ zf;sjuL{o dfgl;stfsf] sf/0f n]vs ;flxTosf/x¿n] bdg / oftgfdf lklN;/xg'kg]{ afWotf klxn] klg s]xL dfqfdf sfod} lyof] . kl5Nnf cjlwx¿n] cleJolQm :jtGqtfdfly /fHo;Qfsf] zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ x'g] ;+s]tnfO{ c¿ k|:6 kf/]sf  5g\ . xfn} dfq sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf k|sflzt jfT:ofogsf] sf6'{gnfO{ lnP/ h;/L ;fdGtL zf;g;Qfsf e/f}6]x¿ s/fO/x]sf 5g\, o;n] ToxL ;+s]tnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . sflGtk'/sf] sf6'{g Pshgf ;|i6fsf] ;[hgfTds sd{ xf] . To;dflysf] cfqmd0f eg]sf] l;h{gfdflys} cfqmd0f xf] . l;h{gfdfly cfqmd0fsf] l;nl;nf Oltxf;b]lv lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 . ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/Lsf] ds}kj{b]lv clxn];Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿n] lg/ª\s'ztGqsf] lj?4df w]/} /ut aufO;s]sf] Oltxf; xfd|f ;fd' 5 . of] a]nfdf tdfd n]vs, ;flxTosf/x¿ ldn]/ lg/ª\s'z zlQmsf] lj?4df ;+3if{ ug'{sf] s'g} ljsNk 5}g . oxL sf/0f xfn} dfq nf]stflGqs ;|i6fx¿sf] ;+o'Qm d~r gfds ;+:yfsf] hGd ePsf] 5 / o;n] lg/+s'ztGqsf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{] / nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf kxn ug{] p2]Zo lnPsf] hgfPsf] 5 . xfdL o;k|lt P]Soa4tf JoQm ub{5f}+ / b]zel/ g} o; lsl;dsf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]/ ;+3if{df nfUg ;a} ;|i6fx¿nfO{ ckLn ;d]t ub{5f}+ . hg;+3if{ / hgbafa a]u/ lg/ª\s'z zlQm sdhf]/ aGb}g . o; tYonfO{ xfdLn] ;dod} a'em\g' h?/L 5 . ;dosf] dfu klg oxL g} xf] . l

sljtf

Pp6f b[Zo

– b'uf{nfn >]i7

ufp“sf] af6f] d hf“b} lyP“ PSn} uf8Ldf,

Pp6f km"n k'n'Ss b]v]“ glhs} emf8Ldf .

km"nsf] ¿k–d[usf] cf“vf, 6nn 6lNsof],

Tof] 6nsn] s] 5f]of] dg emnn emlNsof] ⁄

6'gfd'gfsf] kf]s} kf] xf] ls P /fQ} ⁄ Tof] emf8L,

x'O“ls;s]sf] uf8L lg km]l/ df]l8of] k5fl8 .

tL 3f“;afnf efnfem}+ cxf] ⁄ olQsf] ljs/fn,

Tof]] km"ndfly ;f]lemPh:tf] aGb"ssf] tLvf] gfn ⁄

g tn wtL{, g dfly :ju{, s:tf] of] cSs/ ⁄

s7} ⁄ Tof] km"nsf] hLjg eGg' 7Ss/} 7Ss/ ⁄

9f“6\b}g t/ pm s;}sg u'lnof] s'/fn],

g t pm sf6\5 s;}sf] dg cf“;'sf] 5'/fn] .

sdnf] tg, lgd{n dg, g p;df an} 5,

So} 5}g t/ Tof] km"n x]/, km'n]sf] km'No} 5 ⁄

Tof] 3f“;]emf8L–r'kL / efnf v8\usf] 8+u'/,

ToxL“ Tof] km"ndf kfs]sf] kfP“ zflGtsf] c+u'/ ⁄

l

@)^! d+l;/ @

;dfnf]rgf

cf}kGofl;s tŒjsf ;Gbe{df
‘/ftf] cfsfz’ pkGof;sf] cWoog

– /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL

!= cf/De

        cfVofg / ;dfnf]rgf If]qdf kl/lrt 3gZofd 9sfn -@)!)_ sf] kl5Nnf] pkGof; s[lt ‘/ftf] cfsfz’ -@)^)_ k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . o; s[ltsf k|sfzgn] g]kfnL cfVofg If]qsf] k|ultjfbL kmf“6nfO{ lgs} pNn]Vo / km/flsnf] agfPsf] tYo k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . @)$) kl5sf] cjlwdf l;h{gfTds n]vgdf b]vfk/]sf 9sfnsf] l;h{gfTds cfVofg n]vg syf / pkGof;df ljeflht ePsf] 5 . æel/of / ofqL’
-@)$#_af6 syfdf k|j[Q ePsf 9sfnsf] klxnf] pkGof; ‘ufp“leq’ -@)$&_ / bf];|f] pkGof; ‘/ftf] cfsfz’ -@)^)_ n] pgsf] cfVofg If]qnfO{ pNn]Vo l:ylt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lgaGw ljwfaf6 snd rnfpg] 9sfnsf] ‘gfd sdfpg] /x/df’ -@)$@_
-lgaGw;ª\u|x_ klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . bf];|f] lgaGw;ª\u|x ‘bl/b|tfaf6 d'lQm’
-@)$%_ / Pp6f dfq sljtf ;ª\u|x ‘km};nf xf/hLtsf]’ -@)$$_ klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . syf;ª\u|x ‘el/of / ofqL’ -@)$#_, ‘dfglrqdf gk/]sf] zxLb’ -@)$*_ / ‘;dk{0fsf] af6f]df’ -@)%!_x¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\ . ‘dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{zf:qsf] ljj]rgf’ -;dfnf]rgf @)%$_ ;d]tsf k|0f]tf ag]sf 9sfn g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df pNn]Vo JolQmTj alg;s]sf k|ltef x'g\ . pgsf] kl5Nnf] cfVofgfTds s[lt pkGof; o; n]vsf] cWoog;fdu|L ag]sf] 5 .

        @)^) ;fndf cfP/ k|sflzt ‘/ftf] cfsfz’ pkGof; @)$& ;fnb]lv @)^) ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df b]vfk/]sf] ax'bnLo /fhgLlts lj;+ult / dfcf]jfbL åGån] hGdfPsf] lj;·t kof{j/0fleqsf] s'¿k oyfy{nfO{ syfj:t' agfP/ cfVofgj[Qdf c8\g ;kmn ag]sf] 5 . o;df hDdf $) j6f n3' cfs[ltdf ljlgof]lht ePsf cWofox¿ 5g\ / o;sf] cfotg l8dfO ;fOhsf #** k[i7sf] cfotgdf ljtl/t ePsf] 5 . @ k[i7b]lv @$ k[i7;Ddsf] cfotgdf ljtl/t aGg k'u]sf cWofox¿df /x]sf] o; pkGof;n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ax'bnLo zf;gk|0ffnLsf] cf/De ePkl5 pTkGg ePsf] ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf] gUg / s'¿k oyfy{ ljifoj:t'sf ¿kdf :yflkt ag]sf] 5 . o; pkGof;sf] ;+lIfKt syf;f/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

@= ;+lIfKt syfj[Q

        k[i7 ! b]lv * ;Ddsf cf7f]6f k[i7df ljtl/t o; cWofodf lgw{g / >lds Zofdnfn lj/fdL k/]sf] cj:yf, Zofdnfnsf] >LdtL cf/tLsf] bogLo l:ylt, kltsf] d[To', 5f]/f] clj/n / 5f]/L cg'kfsf] lhDd]bf/ kTgLnfO{ agfP/ ePsf] Zofdnfnsf] lgwg, :yfgLo lzIfs ;'a]bf/sf] @)).– ?sf] ;fk6af6 d[To' vr{ ptfg'{ k/]sf], 5f]/f] clj/n cfkmGtsf] laxfdf k'Ubf ef]Ug' k/]sf] ckdfg, cefjsf sf/0f k9fO 5'6]sf] l:yltdf 6'l·Psf] 5 . ( b]lv !@ sf rf/j6f k[i7df clj/nn] b]v]sf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] em08f ;dfgtfsf] k|tLs xf] eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg, uugsf] afa' u·faxfb'/n] dl0fsfGtsf] xnL a;]/ Jojxf/ wfGg' k/]sf] l:yltsf] af]w clj/ndf ePsf] cj:yf / p;df p7]sf k|Zgx¿ o; cWogodf k|lti7flkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . !# b]lv @^ ;Ddsf !$ j6f k[i7df lj:tfl/t t];|f] cWofodf ;'a]bf/ / zf]efs/sf dfWodaf6 clj/n / uugdf juL{o r]tgf lj:tf/ ePsf], d'lvof dl0fsfGtsf] cfr/0fdf juL{o c;+ultsf kIfx¿ ePsf] s'/f k|s6 ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . emf];kf]n nufP/ dfG5]nfO{ kS8fpg] dl0fsfGtsf] k|oTg, @)$^ ;fnsf] r}q @$ ut]sf] :jt:km"t{ cfGbf]ngsf] påf]wg, k~rfotsf] ktgsf] ;+s]t;d]t klg o;} cWofodf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . @& k[i7b]lv ## ;Ddsf ;ftj6f k[i7df cfGbf]ngsf/L / b/af/sf aLrdf ;Demf}tf eP/ ax'bnLo /fh;Qf :yfkgf ePsf] / k|flKt / ck|flKtsf aLrdf cfGbf]ng ;dfKt ePsf] s'/f o; cWofosf] syfj[Q ag]sf] 5 .

        #$ k[i7sf] %@ ;Ddsf !( j6f k[i7df ljtl/t kf“rf}+ cWofodf ax'bnsf] :yfkgf;“u} pg} k'/fgf k'gM kbf;Lg ePsf / gof“ /fhgLlts Joj:yfn] klg d'n'ssf lgDgjuL{o hgtfsf] enf] ug{ g;Sg] s'/fsf] cy{ pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 . 5}6f}“ cWofo %# k[i7b]lv %( ;Ddsf ;ftj6f k[i7df 5l/Psf] 5 / o;df ;d/, elj;/f, ;'a]bf/, uug, cg'kdf h:tf kfqx¿ ;d]t hgo'4df ;+nUg ePsf] tYo k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ^) k[i7b]lv ^! ;Ddsf b'O{ k[i7sf] ;ftf}+ cWofodf ;d/ / s'df/sf] ldngnfO{ cy{k"0f{ 7fGb} s'df/sf] of]hgfk|lt k|lta4 ;+nUgtfaf6 pkGof;sf] syf ljsl;t ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . k[i7 ^@ b]lv ^* ;Ddsf ;ftj6f k[i7df of]u]Gb| / dl0fsfGtsf lj?4 clj/n, ;'a]bf/, uug, lgd{nx¿ ;r]t aGb} uPsf] b]v]kl5 / pgLx¿sf] cleofgaf6 d'n's ;r]t aGb} uPsf] b]v]kl5 cToGt cftl°t ag]sf] l:ylt k|blz{t ePsf] 5 . ^( k[i7b]lv (@ ;Ddsf @$ j6f k[i7df ljtl/t gjf}+ cWofodf ufp“df lj:tfl/t ePsf] r]tgf, zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf lj?4 hful/t efjgfsf dfWodaf6 hg;+u7g ;an aGb} uPsf] t/ zf;s kIfn] of] oyfy{ g:jLsf/]sf] s'/f k|:t't ePsf] 5 . b;f}+ cWofo k[i7 (# b]lv !)! ;Ddsf ( k[i7df 5l/Psf] 5 . ufp“df lj:tfl/t hgr]tgfnfO{ bafpg k|zf;gaf6 ePsf] k|oTg, ljb|f]xLx¿n] k|x/Lrf}sL / s[lif ljsf; a}+sdfly hdfPsf] sAhf, xltof/ vf]:g] / To;nfO{ k|ltsf/ ug{ ul/Psf k|oTgx¿ bnfn / ;fdGtsf kIfdf dfq ePsf] s'/f o; cWofodf jl0f{t 5 . k[i7 !)@ b]lv !!$ ;Ddsf !# j6f k[i7df rflx“ ljb|f]xLsf tkm{af6 ufp“df ul/Psf cfd;ef, h'n'; eO/x“bf dl0fsfGtsf tkm{af6 ul/Psf ;'/fsLsf sf/0f clj/n kS8fp k/]sf], cfdf / cfdfsL ;fyLn] e]6\g gkfPsf] l:ylt oxf“ jl0f{t 5 .

        afx|f}+ cWofob]lv syfn] ljsf;sf] t];|f] df]8 k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . !!% k[i7b]lv !@( k[i7;Ddsf !% k[i7sf] cfotgdf ljtl/t o; cWofodf dfcf]jfbLsf] cleof]udf clj/nnfO{ h]n k7fOPsf] / aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fkl5 k|x/Lsf] k~hfaf6 d'Qm ePsf] l:yltsf] pb\3f6g / /fhgLlts r]tgfsf ;Gbe{x¿ Pj+ ;dfhdf /fhgLlts nf]slk|otf ljsf; ePsf] k|;+u klg pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 . k[i7 !#) b]lv !%) ;Ddsf @! k[i7sf] cfotgdf lj:tfl/t o; cWofon] o'4sf] k|lzIf0f, sdf08f]sf] cfqmd0faf6 bdg / 3/3/df xTof, clj/nsf] alxgLdflysf] k|tf8gf / anfTsf/ h:tf kIfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] cfVofg pkl:yt ePsf] 5 . k[i7 !%! b]lv !%& ;Ddsf ;ftj6f k[i7df dl0fsfGtsf] 3/ 3]/]/ u/]sf] hgsfo{jfxL / hg;]gfsf] sfo{qmd k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . !%* b]lv !&^ k[i7;Ddsf] !( k[i7sf] cfotgdf 5l/Psf] cfVofgdf a}7s, k|lzIf0f, kf6L{ cg'zf;g / gLltlgb]{zg, Odfg, e/t, uug, clj/n h:tf kfqkfqfsf] ;lqmotfdf ePsf] rf}sLsf] sAhf /f]df~rs 9·n] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . k|x/Låf/f ePsf] xTofdf e/tsf] lgwg ePsf] k||;· klg oxf“ jl0f{t 5 . !&& k[i7b]lv !*@ ;Ddsf ^ j6f k[i7df e/tsf] lgwgsf] ;"rgf uug / clj/ndfkm{t\ ;Dk|]if0f ePsf] s?0f cj:yf / e/tsf] 3/fo;L cj:yf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . !*# k[i7b]lv !(# ;Ddsf !! j6f k[i7df hgsfo{jfxLaf6 a“r]sf] dl0fsfGtsf] :jfutdf lhNnfdf k'ln; / k|zf;gsf] cf“vfn] b]vfPsf] ;f}xfb|{tfkl5 ufp“df ePsf] k|x/L ck||]zgdf uugsf bfh'efOsf] xTofsf] l:ylt, ufp“sf] df:6/ of]u]Gb| nufotsf JolQmx¿ ;'/fsLsf ¿kdf pk:yfkg ePsf 5g\ . !($ b]lv !(* ;Ddsf % j6f k[i7df lj:tfl/t c7fx|f}+ cWofodf uug, elj;/fnufotsf sfo{stf{sf] pkl:yltdf ePsf] kf6L{–a}7s, ufp“df ePsf] / cem} x'g ;Sg] k'ln; bdgsf] l:ylt ;d]tsf] ;+s]t ub}{ a}7ssf] ;dfkg / sfo{stf{ ljbfOsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . !(( b]lv @!) ;Ddsf !@ k[i7df lj:tfl/t o; !( cf}+ cWofodf zx/ If]qdf sfd ug{ k'u]sf lgd{nsf] ;xl/of kof{j/0fsf] Jojxf/, ;efdf ePsf] k'ln; x:tIf]k, k'ln;af6 hf]luP/ h'n'; / sf]0f;ef ;DkGg ePsf] l:ylt pb\3fl6t ePsf] 5 . @!! k[i7b]lv @!( ;Ddsf ( j6f k[i7df ljtl/t ePsf] cfVofgf++zdf clj/n ePsf] 7fp“df k'ln;åf/f $% hgfsf] xTof ePsf] s'/f /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ePkl5 / dfwj / ?dfsf] cj:yfdf lgtfGt lrGtf ylkPsf], k|sfzaf6 ufp“df dfl/Psf dfG5]sf] ;"rL cfGbf]ng;“u c;Da4 /x]sf] cj:yf pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 . @@) b]lv @@( ;Ddsf !) j6f k[i7df clj/n nufotsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf rf}sL / xltof/ sAhf ePsf] k|;· k'ln; / ;'/fsLdfly ljho k|fKt ug]{ pkfosf] vf]hL, PDa'; ljikmf]6g, k'ln;–k|zf;g g} /flt/flt n'6kf6df nfUg k'u]sf] cj:yf ;d]tsf] /x:of]b\3f6g ePsf] 5 . @#) b]lv @#* ;Ddsf ( j6f k[i7sf] afO;f}+ cWofodf gSsnL dfcf]jfbLsf] n'6 / rGbf cleofg k|x/Lsf] w/ks8df ;/sf/s} dfG5] km]nf k/]sf] l:yltsf] pb\3f6g ePsf] / To:tf dfG5]nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] kS8]df d[To'b08 lbg] jf glbg] af/]df ePsf] ax;sf] k|;· pNn]v 5 . krf{ ljt/0f, /ljsf 3/sf] kl/l:ylt, /ljsL kTgL ;ldwfsf] wf/0ff, p;sf] o'4k|ltsf] ;dy{g o; cWofodf b]lvPsf] 5 . @#( b]lv @$( ;Ddsf !! k[i7sf] t]O;f}+ cWofodf clj/nsf] nfdf] cg'kl:yltkl5 ;'/]Gb|nfO{ e]6\g] ljrf/n] ;x/sf] sfddf k'u]sf] clj/nsf] l:ylt k|s6df cfPsf] 5 . ju{lrGtgdf k|j]z ePsf] cj;/jfbsf] ¿k / ljb]zLn] jfdkGyLnfO{ x]g]{ gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0f klg o;} cWofodf k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . @%) b]lv @&! ;Ddsf @@ j6f k[i7df lj:tfl/t rf}aL;f}+ cWofodf /ljsf] ;+of]hgdf /fhgLlts cleofg lqmofzLn ag]sf] 5 . cleofgdf ;+nUg x'g]x¿n] Pp6f h·nsf] 5]pdf /ft sf6]sf] k|;· b]vfOPsf] 5 . /S;L–h'jf / hf“8sf] k|rngnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]sf] l:ylt klg k|s6 ePsf] 5 . @&@ b]lv @*$ ;Ddsf t]x| k[i7df lj:tfl/t @% cf}+ cWofodf k'gM kf6L{ ldl6ª / c¿ hLjgsf kf6fx¿nfO{, ljrf/ / ax;sf kIfx¿nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ k/Dk/fdf g]tfx¿sf] ;+af]wg / dfG5]sf lrGtgnfO{ ;xh / ;an agfpg] ljrf/ a}7sdf pkl:yt ePsf] 5 . @*% b]lv @(# ;Ddsf ( j6f k[i7sf 5AaL;f}+ cWofodf clj/nsf] ldq /fhgsf] xTof / To;kl5 /fhgsL cfdfnfO{ ;dfrf/ ;'gfpg clj/n / p;sf cGo ;fyLx¿ ;lxb ufp“df pkl:yt ePsf] s'/f cfgf 7fp“df /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk Jojl:yt ul/Psf] tYo klg oxf“ k|:t't ePsf] 5 . @($ b]lv #)@ k[i7;Ddsf] ;QfO;f}+ cWofosf] kf7df Odfgsf] lu/tf/L, aofg, oftgf, ufp“sf] cgGt n'6kf6 / pTkft dRrfP/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfIf]k nufpg] kIf klg pkl:yt u/fPsf] 5 . sf/fjf;df /x]sf] Odfgsf] cj:yf pkl:yt >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/Ln] b'Mlvt cj:yf af]w u/]sf], p;sf] h]n ;?jf ePsf] syf klg oxf“ pkl:yt ePsf] 5 . #)# b]lv #)% ;Ddsf tLg k[i7sf] cWofodf kf6L{ sfo{stf{ k|lzIf0f, emk6sf] cfj]u / pQ]hgf, kf6L{leq emk6sf] csd{0otf cflb o; cWofosf syfdf e|i6 rl/q k|bz{gsf] oyfy{ k|:t't ePsf] 5 . #)^ b]lv #!# ;Ddsf] cf7 k[i7sf] pgGtL;f}+ cWofodf Odfgn] h]naf6 aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f u/]sf] s'/f, o; l:yltdf h]naf6 5'6]sf] dfG5] d'7e]8sf] gfddf xTof ul/g] u/]sf k|;+ux¿ klg oxf“ k|blz{t ePsf 5g\ . #!$ b]lv #!( ;Ddsf ^ k[i7df ljtl/t tL;f}+ cWofodf a}7ssf] :yndf k'ln;n] 3]/f xfn]sf] l:ylt, 5f]/f] Odfg dl/;s]kl5sf] cj:yfdf gfafns gflt, ljwjf a'xf/L / a'9f] ;;'/f] dfq al;/x]sf] 3/df /ftsf] df}sf kf/]/ k'ln;n] u/]sf] cfqmd0faf6 a'xf/Lsf] xTof ePsf] 36gf, cf/tLnfO{ 3/}df cfuf] nufP/ ul/Psf] xTofh:tf k|;· o; cWofodf jl0f{t 5g\ . #@) b]lv #@# ;Ddsf rf/j6f k[i7sf] PstL;f}+ cWofodf pHjn / clj/nsf] e]6, /ljsf] lu/tf/L, cg'kf / c~hgfsf] pkl:ylt, ;]N6/dfly g} ul/Psf] cfqmd0f, cleofgsf] jftfj/0f / kl/l:yltdf cfPsf] uDeL/tf k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . #@$ b]lv #$# ;Ddsf @) k[i7sf] aQL;f}+ cWofodf k|x/L rf}sLsf] sAhf / ltgsf kl/jf/sf] sAhf clg Toxf“ ePsf] 36gf, of]4f / k'ln;sf] cj;fg clg kof{j/0fsf] l:yltcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?if b'j} of]4fsf n8fO“sf] cj:yf pb\3fl6t ePsf]] 5 . #$$ b]lv #%$ ;Ddsf P3f/j6f k[i7df lj:tfl/t t]QL;f}+ cWofodf clj/nsf] cfgf] ufp“df ePsf] cfudg, cfdfsf]] / 3/sf] k"j{:d[lt k|:t'ltsf] lzNkdf k|o'Qm uugsf] cj:yf, Goflos / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] cfnf]rgf, ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|oTg klg oxf“ b]vfOPsf] 5 . #%% b]lv #%( ;Ddsf kf“r k[i7sf] rf}tL;f}+ cWofodf s'df/ dfi6/sf] lu/tf/L, 3/sf] vfgtnf;L, n]Vg] / :ki6 af]Ng] s'df/nfO{ ;fyLn] aGb's af]Sg u/]sf] cfu|x / To;} ljifodf l;h{gf ePsf] ljjfb, ljb|f]x / n]vgdf cfr/0f k|ltlalDat x'g'kg]{ s'/f oxf“ emnssf] gsf/fTds rl/qsf kxnn] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

        pkGof;sf] clGtd pTsif{ k}+tL;f}“ cWofoaf6 cf/De ePsf] 5 . #^! b]lv #^^ sf ^ k[i7df tof/ ePsf o; cWofodf /ljsf] lu/tf/L, oftgf, b08, /ljsf] /Iffy{ dfgjclwsf/jfbLx¿n] u/]sf] ckLn, ;ldwf / p;sf] ;d"x, 5f]/f] nufotsf] cfu|x pkGof;df k|:t't ePsf] 5 . #^& k[i7b]lv #&^ ;Ddsf b;j6f k[i7sf] cfotgsf] 5QL;f}“ cWofodf /ljnfO{ cf“vfdf k§L af“w]/ ul/Psf] h]nrnfg / clt k|tf8gfh:tf s'/f o; cj:yfdf :yfkgf u/]sf kIfx¿ h:t} aGbLnfO{ kfgL glbg], vfgfsf] Joj:yf /fd|f] gug]{, aofg lng] / ltgsf] clen]v /fVg] h:tf tYox¿ cleJolQm ug]{ s'/f k|:t't 5 . #&& b]lv #&* ;Ddsf b'O{ k[i7sf ;}tL;f}“ cWofodf lrqn] o'4df xf]ldg ljwjf a'xf/LnfO{ ljbf lbPsf] cj:yf, o;df :jo+n] gfltsf] lhDdf lnPsf], lu/tf/Lkl5 ;ldwfsf] hLjgsf] gof“ df]8sf] k|:t'lt, 5f]/fnfO{ ;;'/fsf] lhDdf nufP/ ;ldwf xf]ldPsf] k|;· pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 . #&( b]lv #() ;Ddsf b'O{ k[i7sf] cfotgdf lnlvt c7\tL;f}“ cWofodf ufp“ / zx/sf] cj:yfnfO{ cfGbf]ngsf] cfwf/df Ps} ¿kdf pk:yfkg ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 / dl0fsfGt lj:yflkt eP/ zx/ k'Ubf klg c;'/Iffsf] af]w u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL a+}°df k};f /fv]/ /fli6«otfsf] :jfª /Rg] cj:yf klg cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . #*! b]lv #*^ ;Ddsf ^ j6f k[i7df ljtl/t pgGrfnL;f}+ cWofodf k'/fgf] ;/sf/sf] ;Dd'v lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfds} jl/kl/ gof“ ;/sf/sf] cfd;efsf gfddf ;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff, ;/sf/L ;]jsx¿ / ;]gfx¿ k/flht dfgl;stfdf 6'n'6'n' x]l//x]sf] s'/f pk:yfkg ul/Psf] b]vfk/]sf] 5 . #*& b]lv #** ;Ddsf b'O{ k[i7sf rfnL;f}+ cWofodf cfGbf]ngsf of]4f / ;ef cfof]hssf pkl:yltnfO{ y'lgPsf] Odfgn] of]4fx¿nfO{ h]naf6} ;+af]wg u/]/ k7fPsf] kq ;+af]wgaf6 cf/De ePsf] ;efsf] ;dfkg / s'df/ cfgf] cfjf;df k'u]/ 8fo/L n]Vg yfn]kl5 pkGof;sf] syf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .

#= pkGof;sf] j:t'

        @)$^ ;fnk"j{sf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf kbf;Lg ag]sf / ;Qf b'?kof]u ug{ kNs]sf lelhnfGt]x¿sf] dgk/LtGqn] d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts cg'zf;g, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts cg'zf;g, wd{ / /fli6«o cl:dtf ;+/If0fsf] cg'zf;g Wj:t aGb} uPsf] l:yltdf b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf ljb]zLx¿nfO{ ;'lDkg], lghLs/0fsf gfddf b]zsf l;d]G6 sf/vfgf, lrof aufg, O“6fe§f, sfuh pBf]u, 5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgf / sfk]{6 tyf ufd]{G6 pBf]ux¿ ;du| ¿kdf lj3l6t ug]{ / j}b]lzs k"“hLklt / bnfnx¿sf] xftdf lhDdf nufOlbg] h:tf lgl3{gL sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . @)$& sf] ax'bnLo /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfdf ;xefuL ag]sf cj;/jfbLx¿sf] ;Qf/f]x0fkl5 d'n'snfO{ n'6]/ cfgf] :jfy{k"lt{ ug{ kNs]sf zf]ifsx¿ qmdzM zx/L If]qdf cfP/ dhb'/x¿nfO{ 7u]/ hLjglgjf{x ug{ nfu]]sf] k|;· pkGof;sf] j:t' ag]sf] 5 . ufp“sf cl:tsf d'lvof / lhDd]bf/x¿ lxhf] k~rsf] cf;gdf lj/flht lyP / @)$& kl5sf Joj:yfdf pgLx¿ g} kbf;Lg ag]sf] l:yltn] / ufp“–ufp“sf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ lbg k|ltlbg u'Db} uPsf], j}rfl/s dtleGgtf ePsfnfO{ 7f8f] lz/ nufpg glbg] u/L lgif]w ul/lbg] /fhgLlts b'is[Ton] d'n'sdf zf]ifs / ;fdGtLx¿sf] aLrsf] vf8n Psbd} km/flsnf] aGb} uPsf] tYo d'n'sdf k|s6 x'“b} uPsf] sfo{kL7df pkGof;sf] cfVofg;"q cl3 a9]sf] 5 .

        @)%! ;fnsf] dWofjlw lgjf{rgkl5 d'n'sdf b]vfk/]sf] c/fhs /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk, ljwfosx¿n] d'n'ssf] e08f/ l/TofP/ ;'Ts]/L–cf}ifwL ;d]t ;b'kof]u ug]{ k|rngsf] cf/De klg k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ufp“df /x]sf 7"nf–7fn"sf] cltrf/sf] cft+saf6 ljsl;t ePsf] /fhgLlts dtleGgtfn] dfG5]sf] :jfefljs cfsf+Iff / cTofjZostf ;d]t klg o; kl/l:yltsf] pkh k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] cf/Desf lbgx¿df ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljs[ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] cfly{s cg'zf;gsf ;du| ljs[ltsf] ;'wf/ / ax'ljjfx, c;·t / e8\lsnf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts d"Nosf] kl/dfh{g ;d]tsf] b'is[TonfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] k|]l/t hgzlQmsf] pk:yfkgf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . @)%# ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] g]kfnL hgo'4sf] k/Dk/fsf] d"NonfO{ :yfkgf ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 . u|fdL0f ;dfhsf o'jfju{sf] cEo'Tyfg / cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf kIfsf 9f]sfdf r's'n nufpg] k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8\g k|oTg ug]{x¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+1fn] ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . hgo'4sf] k/Dk/fdf d'l5Psf] s'¿k oyfy{sf] ;r]t cg'xf/ k|of]u ul/Psf] l:ylt klg o; pkGof;df cf/De ePsf] b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;dfh ;~rfngsf s';L{df a;]sf ;du| d"Nosf] k|:t't ePsf] l:yltnfO{ lg¿k0f ug]{ k|oTgdf ePsf ;du| d"Nosf] pk:yfkg ePsf] s'/f pkGof;n] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf :yfkgf kIfn] hgtfnfO{ lbg] u/]sf] kIfnfO{ k|lti7fkg u/]sf] pk:yfkg b]vfk/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL o'jfx¿df b]vfk/]sf] ljb|f]xfTds r]tgfnfO{ ;+od / ;Gt'ng u/]sf] kIf klg o; l:yltdf pb\3f6g ePsf] b]vfk/]sf] 5 . o'jfx¿df cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf / juL{o / ln·Lo ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf tyf d'lQm vf]lh/x]sf u|fdL0f ;dfhsf dfG5]x¿n] cfgf] cEo'Tyfg / d'lQmsf lglDt ul/Psf ;f·7lgs sfo{qmdnfO{ cft+ssf] ;+1f lbg] ;+:sf/sf lj?4 k|ltkfbg ug]{ / ;+u7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / hgr]tgf pdfg]{ k|lqmofdf k|:t't /rgfTds sfo{qmd ub}{ hfg] sfd pkGof;sf] j:t' ag]/ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . @)%*÷)%( ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwdf cfO k'Ubf–gk'Ubf hg:t/df of]4fx¿sf] ;+u7g ;an ag]sf] hg:t/df ;}GozlQm tflnd, xltof/ vf]:g] / ;}lgs lzlj/ tyf k|x/L sfof{no sAhf ug]{ sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ePsf] / ;'/fsL ug]{x¿k|lt ef}lts sfo{ ug]{, ufp“–ufp“sf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+u7g / ;}Gob:tfdf kl/0ft u/]/ ;x/L Onfsf;Dd klg lj:tf/ u/]sf] s'/f klg pkGof;sf] j:t' ag]/ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;]gf / k|x/Lx¿ cfTd/Iffy{ k|lt/Iff:t/lt/ ws]lnPsf / ljb|f]xLx¿ cfqmd0f / ;f+u7lgs sfo{df lj:tfl/t aGb} uP/ cem ;an / k|efjsf/L aGb} uPsf] k|;+u klg pkGof;sf] cGt;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;an ag]sf] b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;+u7gsf v'nf / e"ldut sfo{qmd kl/rfng ug]{ ;+u7s tyf sfo{stf{x¿sf] cleofg rln/x“bf hgtfsf] xTof ug]{ qmd, To:tf sfo{stf{x¿sf a[4 afa'x¿–cfdfx¿, gfafns 5f]/f5f]/L / ljwjf dlxnfx¿nfO{ oftgf / k|tf8gf lbg], anfTsf/ ug]{ / ltgsf 5fk|f–cfjf;x¿df cfuf] nufOlbg] h:tf aa{/ cfqmd0fsf sfo{x¿af6 cfd hgdfg; ljIf'Aw aGb} uPsf tYo klg sYo j:t' ag]/ pkGof;sf] cfotgdf ljGof; ePsf] 5 . hg;]gfsf] ;lqmotfdf cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] / ;}Gok|lzIf0fsf] bLIffGt sjfhsf] k|bz{g, ;/sf/L ;]gf / ;'/Iffsf hjfgx¿sf] t6:y pkl:yltdf k'u]/ pkGof;sf] syfj:t' ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . o; j:t'n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] /fhgLlts kof{j/0fn] hGdfPsf] ljb|"lkt oyfy{nfO{ kl5Nnf] Ps bzssf] sfnfjlwdf ;d]6\g] k|oTg ub}{ j:t'sf] ljGof; ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 .

$= kfqof]hgfsf] l:ylt

        rfl/lqs b[li6n] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds laGb' pkl:yt x'g] k|j[lQut cfwf/df lrGtgnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ kfqrog ul/Psf] 5 . rl/qsf] k|f]6fuf]lgi7 s]Gb|df clj/n k'?if o'jfdfq plePsf] 5 . PG6fuf]lgi6 s]Gb|df dl0fsfGt plePsf] 5 . dl0fsfGt o; ;dfhsf] k'/ftg zf]if0f j[lQsf] laDa ag]/ a;]sf] k|ltlglw k|j[lQ xf] / o; k|j[lQsf] pTkL8gaf6 k|tfl8t zf]lift ju{sf] c;x\o kL8fsf] k|s6Ls/0f ;du| ;Tosf] g]t[Tjsf] v'/fs ag]/ clj/n, uug, ;d/, Odfg, lgd{n, e/t, /fhg, s'df/ h:tf k'?if kfqx¿sf] pkl:ylt / ltgsf] rl/qljsf;sf] l:ylt pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 .

        To;/L g} pkGof;df PG6fuf]lgi6 rl/qsf kfqx¿ cyjf vnsdL{ k|ltlglwx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf dl0fsfGtsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf ;d:t ;fdGt / k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sLo PsfOsf k|tLs u|fdL0f:t/sf k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx¿, df:6/ / hgk|ltlglwsf s';L{df lj/flht rDrfx¿, ;]gf / k|x/Lsf 6's8Ldf /x]/ hgan bafpg ;Sbf] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . ;'/fsLx¿sf] pkl:ylt klg pkGof;sf gsf/fTds rl/qx¿sf] ;+of]hg ub}{ kfqrog ul/Psf] 5 . @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)%( ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwdf ljsl;t ePsf b'j[{lQx¿ / cdfgjLo b'/frf/x¿, k|zf;lgs csd{0otf nufotsf b'is[ltx¿ k|:t't ug]{ rl/q klg o;} ;Gbe{df pk:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

        clj/nsf] afa'sf] d[To'kl5 clj/nsf] rl/q lgdf{0f ug{ / cj;/sf] ;+of]hg ug{ cfkm}+ h'6\g ljjz ag]sL clj/nsL cfdf cf/tLsf] w/ftnaf6 gf/L rl/qsf] cEo'Tyfg ePsf] 5 . cf/tLsf] j}wJou|:t hLjgdf clj/n / cg'kfn] ;+/If0f kfPsf 5g\ . elj;/f / gd{bf, e/t / Odfgsf wd{kTgLx¿ klg ;sf/fTds gf/Lkfqsf ¿kdf pk:yfkg ul/Psf 5g\ . ;dfh juL{o / n}l·s ¿kdf PskIfLo eof] eg] ult k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] c7f]6 5 . pkGof;sf/n] kfqof]hgfsf ;Gbe{df ;/n t/ ;an ;sf/fTds gf/Lkfq klg k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . k'?if gf/Lsf lglDt cfgf] cleefjs, klt–k'q, bfh'efO, 5f]/f–gflt hf] eP klg p;sf lqmofsnfksf] cg';/0f ug]{ gf/L laDasf] lgdf{0f ubf{ cg'kf, elj;/f, e/tsL wd{kTgL h:tf of]4f gf/Lrl/qsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . k'?ifn] wflg/x]sf] lhDd]jf/L k'?ifsf] cg'kl:ylt x'g cfPdf gf/Ln] g} klg lgjf{x ug]{ l:ylt o; kf7df b]vfk/]sf] 5 . dl0fsfGth:tf vngfosLo kIfsf gsf/fTds gf/Lkfqx¿df lg/Lxtf / gfddfqsf] pkl:ylt b]vfpg] gf/LlaDax¿sf] ;+of]hg ul/Psf] tYo pkGof;df k|:t't ePsf] 5 .

        ;dfhsf] ¿k / ;+/rgfsf] h/fdf pmhf{ lbg] tŒj g} To; ;dfhsf ;xfos tŒj x'g\ . ltg} ;b:osf] pmhf{zLn of]ubfgn] ;dfhn] ¿kfGtl/t d"No k|fKt ub{5 . o;} k|flKtsf lglDt ;dfh / ;dfhsf ;b:osf cfr/0fdf pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ sfd ;|i6fn] kfqsf] lgld{lt dfkm{t u/]sf] x'G5 . o; ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / /fhgLlts jf:tljstfsf] j:t'ut ljZn]if0f ug{ hfGg] / To; jf:tljstfsf] :jLs[ltdf cfgf] cfr/0f c8\ofpg] vfnsf kfqx¿sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ sfo{df pkGof;sf/ ;r]t b]lvPsf 5g\ . clj/n, gog, lgd{n / e/t h:tf c8fg ePsf kfqx¿sf aLrdf emk6 h:tf knfogzLn / u2f/ kfqx¿, g}lts / ef}lts cfr/0fsf] b'j[{lQ k|If]k0f ug]{ cfj/0f klg ;dfhdf cefj x'“b}g . ;dfh åGåfTds l;4fGtaf6 lgld{t ePsf] x'G5 . o; åGåfTds kIfsf] k|efjsf] ptf/–r9fp /lx/xg] j:t'tYonfO{ eGg' gx'g] s'/f klg emk6 h:tf cj;/jfbL / hf;'; kfqx¿sf] pkl:yltsf sf/0fn] :yflkt ug{ k|oTg u/]sf] s'/f klg k'li6 x'g cfp“5 .

%= ;+u7gfTds snfr]t

        ljifoj:t'sf] ;+of]hgsf b[li6n] k|:t't pkGof; ;/n ;+of]hg k4ltdf cfwfl/t 5 . g]kfnLx¿sf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf cfwfl/t ljifoj:t' l6lkPsf] k|:t't pkGof;df ;+/rgfTds snfr]t b'a{n cj:yfdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . lkmsf 9f“rfsf] / km'Ssf ;+of]hg b]lvPsf] k|:t't pkGof; kl/j]z, hghLjg, ;+u7gfTds l;k lgs} b'a{n / ;xh 9f“rfsf] l:yltdf c8]sf] b]lvG5 . sNkgfsf] ;"Idtf / cf}kGofl;s lzNksf] lrGtg ;xh / ;Dj]B /]vfdf l6sfP/ syfj:t'nfO{ ljGof; ug]{ ;Gbe{df 9sfn lgs} b'a{n snflzNkL ag]/ pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ . snfr]tgfsf] ;Dj]bgfTds d"No lkmtnf] ePsf] sf/0fn] k|:t't pkGof; snfeGbf Oltj[QfTds j:t'sf] pkof]u a9\tf ePsf] / tYofTds pk:yfkg ;xh / Oltj[Q k|wfg k|:t'ltdf a9]sf] b]vfk/]sf] 5 .

        t[tLo k'?iffTds kfqx¿sf] ;/n / /]vLo k|:t'ltut 9f“rfn] th'{df ePsf k|:t't pkGof;df ;|i6f ef]stf geP/ k|i6fsf ¿kdf pkl:yt 5 . cGtj]{bgfsf ljk/Lt alx;+{j]bgfsf] k|:t'ltdf pkGof; c8]sf sf/0fn] a'lxd'{vL k|:t'ltdf syfj:t' cl3 a9]sf] 5 . /]vLo / ;/n 9f“rfsf] k|:t't pkGof; Oltj[QfTds cu|f]Gd'vzLnsf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;+/rgfut lkmtnf]kg / syfsf] ;+u7g ;/n ePsf sf/0fn] pkGof; ;fdfGo:t/sf kf7sn] u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] cfVofg r]tgfdf c8]sf] b]lvG5 .

^= pkGof;sf] ljrf/kIf

        pkGof; o'u / ;dfhdf ljsl;t ljs[lt / lj;+ultnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug'{k5{ eGg] p2]Zodf cfwfl/t 5 . juL{o b[li6sf]0fn] lgDgjuL{o /]vfsf ofqfx¿sf] r]tgfTds pTyfg, ;dfhjfbL lrGtg b[li6sf] ljsf; / ;f+:s[lts ;/nLs/0f, wfld{s / cfly{s ;a} c;dfgtf hgtfsf] kIfdf lg/fs/0f tyf /fhgLlts ;xeflutf ;a} kIfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ kIfsf] lj:tf/ cflbnfO{ pkGof;n] ljrf/ lj:tf/sf] If]q agfPsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ;du| lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutf r]t lj:tfl/t x'g' kg]{ / k/Dkl/t / cj}1flgs Pj+ ;+sL0f{ lrGtgsf] lj:yfkg k|:t't pkGof;sf] j}rfl/s cfu|x xf] . o;n] s] s'/f :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 eg] n]vs ;fdflhs d"Nosf ;+sL0f{tfnfO{ lj:tfl/t ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ljrf/sf] kIfdf 5g\ . cfly{s zf]if0fsf ;f“u'/f af/aGb]hnfO{ pGd'Qmtf / ;a}sf] ;xeflutfsf] ¿kfGt/0f x'g'kg]{ kIfdf plePsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] j}rfl/s r]tgf pkGof;sf/sf snf r]tgfdf ;f}Gbo{ kIfsf] b'a{n k|:t'lt / ljrf/sf] ;kf6 k|:t'lt ePsf sf/0fn] pkGof; lgs} 7f8f] / sdhf]/ k|flKtsf] pbfx/0f eGg klg c;lhnf] gkg]{ b]lvG5 . ;dfhdf ljsf; ePsf /fhgLlts csd{0otfsf kl/0ffdn] hGdfPsf] ljifonfO{ cf}kGof;Ls/0f ul/Psf sf/0fsf] pkof]u ul/Psfn] ;a} kf7ssf] ;du| b[li6 ljsf; eOg;s]sf sf/0fn] klg k|:t't pkGof; lgs} k|Zgsf] 3]/fdf pk:yfkg x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ u}/k|ultjfbL ;[hgwf/sf lrGtsx¿n] ¿kdfly dfq b[li6 lbg] x'gfn] pkGof; cln c;kmn ePsf] tYo klg k|:t't ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ ;d;fdlos cjlwsf] s'¿k oyfy{nfO{ c°g ug]{ kIfdf eg] lgs} ;an / ;zQm ag]sf] pkGof; eGg ;lsG5 .

        k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] k/Dk/fdf @)$& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5sf] k|j[lQ / d"Nosf s]Gb|df l6s]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ l6k]/ n]lvPsf] dfS;{jfbL lrGtg;“u k|efljt /x]sf] 5 . dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{sf ;dLIfs 9sfnsf] k|:t't s[lt snfut lrGtgdf j}rfl/s k|:t'lt ;fk]lIft ¿kdf sdhf]/ g} b]lvG5 . log} ;du| ;f}Gbo{ut d"Nox¿sf ;fk]Iftfdf ;an / ;hLj ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvg] of] s[lt k|ultjfbL k/Dk/fsf] kl5Nnf] / pNn]Vo ag]sf] 5 . @)$& sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] yk]sf ;fdflhs oyfy{tf / ljs[ltnfO{ ;dfhjfbL 9·n] cfVofgLs/0f ul/Psf pkGof;x¿df ‘lnv]’ / ‘h"gls/Lsf] ;+uLt’kl5sf] pbfx/0fLo s[lt xf] .

&= ;dfkg

        efiffsf] / z}nLsf] ;/n / ;f]emf] k|:t'ltdf n]vsn] ;d:ofnfO{ j:t' ¿k k|bfg u/L cfVofgLs/0f u/]/ ljrf/sf] dfq ;Dk|]if0f ul/Psf] k|:t't pkGof; ;d;fdlos oyfy{sf] k|:t'lt dfq xf] . o; lsl;dsf] n]vgn] ;dfhsf ;du| b:tfj]hx¿nfO{ cf}kGof;Ls/0f / cfVofgLs[t cj:yfdf pEofPsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ;Qfn] cf]em]ndf kf/]/ bafpg ;Sg] vfnsf Oltxf;sf tYox¿nfO{ ;flxTon] k|dfl0ft ul/lbG5 . pbf·f] kf/]/ kf7s;dIf k|:t't ul/lbG5 . ;dfhsf oyfy{n] k|fKt u/]sf s'¿ktfnfO{ o;/L cfVofgLs[t ug]{ u/]df ;du| hLjg;fk]If tYox¿n] zfZjttf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f o; pkGof;n] l;4 u/]sf] 5 . 

;don] g} eGg]5

– zlQm nD;fn

cfheGbf kf“r jif{ klxn]

hf] d af“r]sf] lyP“

Tof] ;do w]/} sl7g lyof] of] eGbf w]/}

bz ;fn klxn]

h'g af“r]sf] lyP“

Tof] ;do klg w]/} g} sl7g lyof] /

cfh h'g d af“r]sf] 5'

of] ;do emg\ emg\ sl7g 5

;lt;fn em}+ l7ª ple+b}

df}nfPsf] af“; em}+ k8\ls+b}

s'g} lsl;dsf] bfubf/ geP/

sl7g eGbf sl7g ;dodf olt

hLjg /x\of] ddf

hf] laTof] u'Hof] 5'6\of]

To;sf] s;'/bf/ d xf]Og ;do xf]

;dosf] ;Dk"0f{ ;Gbe{df 5 d]/f] hLjg

d ;+lbUw 5}g

lgZro g} ;do ;+lbUw 5

d nl8g} /fv]sf] 5' ;do;“u

;do Joltt x'“b} uO{ /fv]sf] 5 t JotLt x'“b} klg

dnfO{ JotLt ub}{ uP/fv]sf] 5',

d lhDbf 5' af“; em}+ r6\ls+b} bfubf/ 5' cfgf] lhGbuLdf

;dosf] ;Gbe{df

cfp“bf] ;dosf] sl7gfOdf d lrlgg]5'

;don] g} atfpg] 5 d sf] x'“ <

r

h]7 !^, @)^@

r08f]n, ljzfngu/

Pp6f bGTo syf

ljqmd ;'Aaf

;'gfpg] kfnf] cfof] cfdfsf]

/ ;'gfpg yfNg'eof] bGTosyf

‘plxNo} b/af/df Pp6f aRrf] hlGdof]’/]

pd]/ vf“b} hf“bf pm bu'l/lx+8\g] eof]’/]

vfg–lkg / :ofxf/ k'u]sf]n]

aRrf] cf}wL km'lt{nf] / /x/nfUbf] lyof]’/]

Pp6f lrqsf/n] aRrf] b]v]kl5 la;{g} ;s]g

t;y{, p;n] aRrf]sf] b'?:t} lrq agfof]’/]

/ b+u k/]/, /fVof]’/] zLif{s– ‘b]jtf ⁄’

sfnfGt/df Tof] jfns ‘b]jtf’

5ftLel/ cg]s dxŒjfsf+Iffx¿;“u} l5lKkof]

hlt hlt cfsf+Iffx¿ emf“lu“b} uP ‘b]jTj’ 36\b} uP5

/ Pslbg ;Dk"0f{ b]jTj Tofu]/ pm /fhf eP5

tfxf“ pk|fGt /fhfn]

sxlnPsf ;fdGtx¿nfO{ cfgf ef/bf/ agfof]’/]

ufp“–7fp“sf k/kL8sx¿nfO{ k|zf;gdf lgo'Qm u¥of]’/]

y'k|} ;]gf / xftxltof/ hf]8]/ p;n] bzlt/ o'4 yfNof]’/]

Psaf/sf] h'gL kfPsf dflg;x¿ nfvf}+ dfl/P

/utsf] vf]nf aUof]

cg]s :jtGq /fHosf cg'xf/x¿ au]/ ljno eP

o'4x¿ lht]kl5 Tof] /fhf aGof]’/]– dxf/fh ⁄

oL ;a} Oltxf; x]b}{ kfsf] ePsf] pxL lrqsf/n]

dxf/fhfsf] /+lug lrq agfp“bf Sofgef;df

dflg;h:tf] nfUg] t/ uDeL/ tl:j/ pq]5

/ lrqsf/n] /flvlbof]’/] zLif{s– ‘b}To ⁄’

syfsf] clGtd cWoog klg cfdfn] ;'gfpg' eof]–

k/Gt'df ‘b]jtf’ / ‘b}To’sf lrqx¿ ;“u;“u} 6f“luP’/]

/ k|bz{gLdf nfvf}+n] tL b'O{ lrqnfO{ uhan] x]/]’/]

cfgf] t:jL/sf] zLif{sn] dxf/fhfnfO{ /ftel/ lgb|f nfu]g5

‘zLif{s–ck/fw’df lrqsf/nfO{ h]ndf sf]r]5g\

cfkm"n] agfPsf lrqx¿sf] ljlrq zlQmsf] ;Demgf ub}{

h]nd} Ps lbg lrqsf/ d¥of]’/]

t/, tL b'O{ lrqn] eg]sf] syf s07 eP/

lrq x]g{] nfvf}+ dflg;sf] dg–dl:t:sdf a;]5 .

To;kl5–

Tof] syf af–cfdfx¿n] 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿,

/, 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿n]–

km]l/ pgsf 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'gfp“b}–;'gfp“b} Nofp“bf

Pslbg d]/} cfdfsf] klg kfnf] cfof]

cfdf lat]/ uO;s]kl5 ca d]/f] kfnf] cfPsf] 5–

‘b}To’x¿af6 dflg;nfO{ d'Qm ug]{ eP

of] syf w]/}nfO{ ;'gfpg' k5{

h:tf] ls tkfO{+nfO{ d of] sljtf ;'gfp“b}5' .

r

hLjg / o'usf] k|ltlaDag M
t/ klg xfdL hLljt 5f}+ ;

8f= hubLzrGb| e08f/L

        cd/ lu/L jt{dfg ;dodf k|ltefzfnL slj x'g\ . logsf] ‘3fd 5]Sg] kxf8’ zLif{ssf] sljtf;+u|xkl5 ‘t/ klg xfdL hLljt 5f}+’ bf];|f] sljtf;+u|x k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . s[i0fdl0f ;flxTo k'/:sf/åf/f k'/:s[t ;d]t ag]sf] bf];|f] s[lt;“u} cd/ lu/L g]kfnL sljtfk/Dk/fdf ljz]if nf]slk|o aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .

        ‘t/ klg xfdL hLljt 5f}+’ -@)^!_ sljtf;+u|xdf slj lu/Lsf sl/a Ps 8]9 bzssf] sfnv08df n]lvPsf *$ j6f sljtf /x]sf 5g\ . oL sljtfdf slj cfkm}+n] :jLsf/ u/]h:t} æxfdL af“lr/x]sf] jt{dfg, o;sf kL8f, cfqmf]z / cfsf+IffnfO{ cleJolQm lbg] k|of;Æ ePsf] 5 . sljn] cfkm"nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf sljtfdf pkl:yt u/fPsf 5g\ / eGg'kg]{ s'/f sljtfsf efiffdf eg]sf 5g\ . cfGbf]ng;“u ;Da4 ePsf slj–k|ltefn] dfq hLjgsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ l6Kg ;S5 / sljtfnfO{ sf]dn;"qdf pGg ;S5, ljrf/sf], b[li6sf], efjgfsf] 3f]n3fndf ;r]t slj ;dy{jfg\ x'g ;S5 . o; b[li6af6 x]bf{ slj lu/L cfgf sljtfdf v/f] / b[l9 eP/ plePsf kfOG5g\ . ;+u|xleqsf sljtfdf ljifout ljljwtf 5 / ¿kut ;xhtf 5 .

        hLjgsf ;du|tfdf cGtk|{j]zg ub}{ To;sf cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ 5fDb} cfkm" / cfkm"h:tf] dfG5]sf kIfdf s'/f p7fp“b} sljtf cufl8 a9fpg] z}nLdf cd/ lu/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf cGtå{Gåsf sf/sx¿, ltgaf6 hGd]sf cg]sg\ ;d:ofx¿, pTkL8gx¿ / lj/f]wfef;x¿nfO{ cfgf sljtfsf] ljifo–k6 agfO{ ;Ddf]xs sljtflrq sf]g{df cd/ lu/L ;+nUg ePsf b]lvG5g\ . sljtfdf slj b]zsf] af/]df lrGtf u5{g\, dfq xf]Og b]znfO{ s'¿k kfg]{ k|oTgdf nfu]sf s'¿k cg'xf/k|lt ;+s]t u5{g\ M

hln/x]5 b]z

t/ rln/x]5 of] ;a

Ps 8/nfUbf] kfv08

Ps 8/nfUbf] pQ/bfloTjljxLgtf

eofjx g}lts :vng

r/d :jfyf{Gwtf

rln/x]5 ;a

-xfdL af“r]sf] ;do_

        cfkm" af“r]sf] ;donfO{ sljtfsf] s]Gb| agfpgdf tNnLg lu/Lsf sljtfdf lbndfof / xl/snfx¿sf] cg'xf/ dfq xf]Og, ef]sn] ;'s]sf c;+Vo cg'xf/x¿ k|ltlalDat ePsf 5g\ . zf;gsf] km/dfg hf/L x'g] l;+xb/af/, dflg;sf ;kgfnfO{ /]6]/ dfg]{ zf;sx¿sf] qm"/tf, kfv08Lkgf, ;+j]bgfxLg P]+h]¿x¿sf ;fy k/hLjLx¿af6 vf]lqm+b} / elTs+b} uPsf] s'¿k oyfy{sf] pb\3f6g– d"t{gdf lu/L ;kmn /x]sf 5g\ . cdfgjLotfsf lj?4 cf:yf, :jtGqtfsf] uLt ufp“b} hLjgk|lt dL7f] cfsif{0f k}bf ug]{ efj–l;h{gdf ;Da4 lu/Ln] oxf“ ‘a'6]gjf’af6 pTkL8glj?4 ;+3if{, cbDo ;+sNk / ;kgf lgdf{0f ug{ xf}l;Psf 5g\ M

s'g} dxfg\ k':tseGbf klg

dxfg\ ltd|f] hLjgaf6

w]/yf]s l;s]+ d}n]

d]/f] a'6]gjf

yfxf lyPg s'g}a]nf

Pp6f ;fdfGo dhb'/af6

l;Sg ;lsG5 olt w]/} s'/f ⁄

-a'6]gjf_

        oL sljtfdf slj lu/L st} efj's ag]/ plePsf 5g\, st} /d/d ljb|f]xL b]lvPsf 5g\ . st} ;+3if{sf] cGtWj{lg lggfb ug]{ gbL eP/ pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ . ;fdfGo efiffdf qmflGtsf/L cy{Jol~ht u/L uDeL/ oyfy{nfO{ emNsfpg lu/L ;kmn /x]sf 5g\ . sljtfdf laDa–;d"xsf] k|of]u ;fGble{s / ;fxl;s b]lvG5 . jt{dfgtf / ctLttfsf] ;]t'df pleP/ hLjgnfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ / To;sf kIfdf cfgf] /fufTdstfnfO{ cGtld{>0f ug]{ k|j[lQn] lu/Lsf sljtfnfO{ ld7f;k"0f{ agfPsf 5g\ . kL8fsf] kxf8, b'Mvsf] ef/L, ef]s / zf]ssf] dfqf oyfjt\ /x“bf/x“b} d'lQmsf] kl/sNkgf ug'{ cy{xLg 5, cdn]v÷d'Qm x'g' eg]sf] t ltgLx¿af6 d'Qm x'g' xf] . dflnsåf/f ul/Psf] zf;sx¿åf/f ;'? ul/Psf] cdn]vaf6 b]z / hgtf s;/L cdn]v÷d'Qm x'g ;S5g\ eGb} slj k|Zg u5{g\ M

elglbg' ;lhnf] 5 leGg

cdn]v ePsf] 5 cdn]vuGh

t/ eGb}df s;/L cdn]v x'G5

cdn]vuGh <

-cdn]vuGh_

        k/fwLg b]z / hgtfsf af/]df, :kf6f{s;h:tf] s/jL/ vqLsf af/]df, kmnfdn] kmnfd sfl6/x]sf] dgjL/sf af/]df, >dhLjL dfG5]x¿sf af/]df n]lvPsf sljtf x''g\ ‘t/ klg xfdL hLljt 5f}+ .’ To;}u/L cfkm}+n] 6]s]sf] wtL{ la;{g]x¿sf af/]df sf]dn zAbåf/f k|xf/ ul/Psf sljtf x'g\– ‘t/ klg xfdL hLljt 5f}+ .’ u|fDo–laDa–k|tLs / cfn°fl/s pks/0fåf/f sljtfnfO{ df]xnfUbf] / nf]enfUbf] agfpgdf k|oTgzLn /x]sf lu/Lsf sljtfdf ;dsfnLg b]zLo 5lj k|ltWjlgt ePsf] 5 . s]xL sjLtfdf cfTd/+u / j}olQms cg'ejhGo efjsf] ;3gtfsf] sf/0faf6 oyfy{ e|dk"0f{ x'g k'u]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . ‘lgdnfn /f]sf’, ‘kl/jlt{t b[Zo’, ‘/utsf] gbL’ cflb sljtf To;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;+3if{k"0f{ ofqfdf b]lvg] /QmqmflGtsf] dfu{af6 ljrlnt / eoeLt x'g'eGbf To;k|ltsf] ;xefj, ;x/fun] sljtfnfO{ snfk"0f{ / oyfy{ agfp“5, slxn]sfxL“ slj–JolQmsf] e"ldsfdf ple+bf–ple+b} ;fd"lxstfsf] clj/n ofqfaf6 ljlR5Ggtftkm{ n}hfg] ;+efjgf /xG5, efjgfsf] PsfsLkgaf6 pb\e"t s]xL sljtfdf To:tf] k|j[lQsf] lemNsflemNsL b]lvP klg ;dli6df slj lu/Lsf sljtfn] b]z / hgtf, cf:yf / ljZjf;, ;+3if{sf] ofqf, sljtf / hLjgsf af/]df y'k|} df]xs lrq sf]/]sf 5g\ . sljtfnfO{ sljtfs} dflnssf÷>dhLjLsf gfb÷nodf u'gu'gfpg] sd{df dxf/y cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ .

        slj oxf“ cf:yfzLn / sd{zLn JolQmsf ¿kdf pleP/ hLjgsf] oyfy{ cleJo~hgdf s'zntfsf ;fy nfu]sf 5g\ . ;+3if{zLn lhGbufgLsf] ofqfdf s7f]/tf;“u h'Wb} hLjg–ky lgdf{0f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ snfTdstf;fy cleJoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgL eG5g\ M

d hª\uns} sf/0f hGd]sf] x'“

/ oxf“ r9\bf / embf{emb}{

hjfg ePsf] x'“

-kxf8_

        u|fdL0f hLjgk|ltsf] cfsif{0f / ltgdf b]lvg] luvf{luvL{k|ltsf] ljdf]xstf b'j}sf] cGtld{>0fdf sljn] cfgf] kl/jt{gtfk|ltsf] sfDo–sfdgfnfO{ cGtu'{lDkmt u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL hLjgsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ s]xL cfVofgsf] emNsf] lb+b} cleJolQm lbg] sfo{df lu/Lsf sljtf ;an /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . pgL laDafTdstf, zAblrqfTdstf, cfnª\sfl/tf h:tf snfTds pks/0fåf/f sljtfnfO{ ;'Gb/ agfp“5g\ . h:t} M

lk7\o'“df 3f“;sf ef/L af]s]sf

:qL–k'?ifx¿

/ s'g} nfdf] Oltxf;sf]

;fyLh:tf] nfUg]

Tof] lkknsf] af]6

-lkknsf] af]6_

        ‘kl;gf’ >dsf] k|tLs xf] / ‘kl;gf’k|lt slj Psbd} cf:yfjfg\ 5g\ . pgL Oltxf;sf] lgdf{tfnfO{ kl;gfaf6 5fDg] k|oTg ub}{ kl;gfk|lt cfgf] k|uf9 :g]x /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ sljtfdf k|s6 u5{g\ M

kl;gfljgf

d sNkgf ug{ ;lSbg“

;+;f/s} hLjgsf]

;f}Gbo{sf]

-kl;gf_

        uDeL/ cy{ axg ug]{ o:tf k+lQm sljtfdf y'k|} 5g\ . ;fdfGotfaf6 c;dfGotftkm{ / ;xhtfaf6 hl6ntftkm{sf] kIfdf cf]xf]/–bf]xf]/ u/L kf7snfO{ tLa| efjfg'e"lt k|bfg ug{df lu/Lsf sljtf ;kmn /x]sf 5g\ .     

of] b]z laU¥of] lsg

 ldqnfn k+1fgL

hGd]sf klg x'g\ dxfg k|ltef sNof0fsf/L a8f

lgi7fsf alnof Odfg tk;L TofuL c;fWo} s8f

lgwf{sf lbg Nofpg] ;d/df n8\bf d/]y] ltgL

efjL ;Gtltsf lgldQ ;lhn} kmf“;L r9]y] ltgL

aGbL g} 5 ;dfgtf klg cem} aGbL 5 :jtGqtf

aGbL zflGt / Gofo 5g\ cwd/f aGb} eof] :jR5tf

s·fnLkg hLljt} /lx/x\of] emg\emg\ a9\of] x} l/g

dfG5] ⁄ pQ/ vf]h x} x[bon] of] b]z laU¥of] lsg <

df6fdf gk/L o;} tn em/] tftf zLnfdf v;]

xfd|f pGgt aLh ;k{x¿n] vfP/ dfG5] 8;]

xfd|f] ;b\aLh ;b\ ePg lg ;vf a]sfd v]/f uof]

af“em} e"ld 5 vfg 5}g 3/df xfd|f] lahf]s} eof]

1fgL dflg; ug{ vf]H5 ultnf] ug}{ lbb}gg\ v'gL

lgb|f x'G5 x/fd rf]/x¿sf] ;f}hGo jf0fL ;'gL

Sof /fd|f k|ltefx¿ lgdl7P ;'h]{ laxfg} a'8]

e08fkmf]/ x'g] c3f]/ eon] kfkLx¿n] r'“8]

baf{/} b/af/ 5g\ ;x/df dfq} r'lnG5g\ wg

a]jf:tfl;t ldlNsof] d'n'ssf] kfvf] kv]/f] jg

cfgf] cf“ugdf p/f7 w'g of] cGt} ;';]N5g\ r/f

?lG5g\ ;Gtltsf] la5f]8 axn] xfd|L cefuL w/f

r

sfofsNk*

 r+sL >]i7

dfgjtflj?4 n8fO“n]

csf]{ dfgjLo n8fO“ ;'? u5{

h;/L cft+sjfblj?4 cft+sn]

;'? u5{ csf]{ wf/sf] ljb|f]x .

s'g} afbndf rf“bLsf] 3]/f gx'g'

/, To;}sf nflu b'MvL x'g'

To;}sf nflu

cfTdfsf] xTofx¿aLr cfTdfsf] xToflj?4

ad / uf]nfaf?baLr ad / uf]nfaf?blj?4

lge{otfk"j{s pleg'

cfx, Tof] km"nh:tL o'jtLsf] ;fx; ⁄

;'vL ;fx;sf lx;fan]

PSsfO:ff}+ ztfAbLsf] ;'?cftsf] of] cf7f}+ cfZro{ xf] .

b]zsf] b'Mvaf6 sf];f}+ 6f9f /x]/

s]xL /fhgfosx¿

x]l//x]5g\ kfgLdf cfgf] 5fof“

/, kml;/x]5g\ cfg} 5fof“sf] k|]ddf

k|]ddf km;]sf] dflg;nfO{ cfgf] k|]deGbf

;'Gb/ s'/f ;+;f/df c¿ x'“b}g .

cfg} kfOtfnfdf 5f]P/ alu/x]sf]

/utsf] gbLnfO{ la;]{/

Pshf]8L k|]dL–k|]ldsf x/fp“5g\ Psfsf{sf] 5fof“df

5'“b}g ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg b'Mvn] ltgLx¿nfO{

;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf ;'v e]6]sf] dflg;nfO{ b'Mvn] 5'“b}g .

cQ/sf] ;'uGw gfeLdf Rofk]/

s]xL o'jtLx¿ 6f“l;lbG5g\

kfl/hftsf] k':tsdfly s'g} gjgflosfsf] sfd's t:jL/

xf], 6f“l;lbG5g\ db/ 6]/];fdfly 8fogf

/f]hf nShDju{dfly h]lgkm/ nf]k]h

/, cGgf cfVoftf]efdfly Pln;f lshsf] sfd's t:jL/ .

;xg g;s]/ cfg} kl/jf/sf] c;Ld ckdfg

Ps anfTs[t o'jtL u5]{ cfTdxTof

t/, ljb]zaf6 :j0f{kbs lht]/ kms]{sf v]nf8Lem}+

d':s'/fp“b}, d'G6f] xNnfp“b} lx+l8/x]5g\ anfTsf/Lx¿

t/, df}g 5g\ k|x/Lx¿

df}g–df}g 5g\ cvaf/x¿ .

;dosf] kbrfk ;'lgG5 af/Daf/

t/, sfgdf t]n xfn]/ df}sf d'b|fdf 5g\ dflg;x¿

s] To;f] eP /f]lsG5 ca ;dosf] ult <

xl/ofnLk"0f{ of}jgsf] ld7f;nfO{ r6Ss la;]{/

unt ;'v / c;n b'MvaLr ha /f]hL p;n] c;n b'Mv

ToxL“af6 ;'? x'g]5 dflg;x¿sf] c;n ;'vsf] af6f]

d[To'sf] tf08jlj?4

d[To';“u h'lw/x]sL P km"nh:tL o'jtL ⁄

hxf“af6 ;'? u¥of} ltdLn] c;n ;'vsf] af6f]

ToxL“af6 ;'? ug]{5g\ Ps lbg dflg;x¿n] cfgf] clj/n ofqf .

r

;flxTosf/ hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+ / pgsf] sfJosfl/tf

– hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L

/  hLjgofqf

        g]kfnL ;flxTodf ‘zf/bf’ klqsfsf] k|sfzgkl5 cyf{t\ lj=;+= !(() sf] bzskl5 cfw'lgstf lelqPsf] dflgG5 . oxL cfw'lgstfsf] pHofnf]df lj=;++ !(($ c;f]hdf sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] anynL ufp“df hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . dftf kljqfb]jL x'dfufO{+ / lktf b'uf{k|;fb x'dfufO{+sf Ps 5f]/f / b'O{ 5f]/Lkl5 hGd]sf sfO“nf ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf pgn] o; wtL{df kfOnf 6]s]sf x'g\ . pgL hGdg'cl3 pgsf bfh' / Ps lbbLsf] d[To' eO;s]sf]n] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffcg'¿k pgnfO{ arfpg Ps 5]lqgL cfdf;“u b'O{ k};fdf a]lrPsf] / pg};“u x's]{kl5 lgvlgPsf] /f]rs k|;· pgsf hLjgdf 36]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf lktfn] cbfntsf] /fO6/;Ddsf] hflu/ vfP klg d"ntM s[lifsd{d} pgsf] kl/jf/n] lbg u'hf/]sf] lyof] . cfgf lktfn] g} ;'?df cIf/f/De u/fPsf hgs lj=;+= @))* b]lv lzIffWoogsf nflu sf7df8f}“ k|j]z u/]sf lyP / oxL“af6 pgn] ljzf/b;Ddsf] cWoog k"/f u/]sf lyP . k9fO;d]tsf] vf]hLdf lj=;+= @)!@ df ef/tsf] snsQf k'u]/ pgn] df]6/ d]sflgS;sf] cEof; u/]sf lyP / c7f/ dlxgfd} cfgf lktfsf hf]8andf g]kfn kms]{sf lyP . pgn] hLjgsf] nfdf] ;do ;/sf/L hflu/df latfP/ e"ld;'wf/;DaGwL sfddf of]ubfg u/] tfklg d"ntM pgn] cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t u/]sf] If]q eg] ;flxTo / efiff;“u ;DalGwt If]q g} eof] . lzIffWoogsf lglDt pgL sf7df8f}+ k|j]z u/]b]lv g} ;flxTon] pgnfO{ tfGg yfn]sf] / lj=;+= @))*÷@))( lt/sf] gjLg /fhg}lts jftfj/0fdf pgn] n]vg cf/De u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 oBlk pgsf] klxnf] k|sflzt s[lt ‘ls;fgsf] uLt’n] eg] lj=;+= @)!^ df dfq g]kfnL ;flxTofsfzdf em'lNsg] cj;/ kfof] . To;otf pgn] sljtf–sfJo, lgaGw, afn;flxTo, efiff, ;dLIffcflbsf 8]9 bh{geGbf a9L k':ts–k'l:tsf tyf ljleGg dxŒjk"0f{ n]vx¿ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ ;'lDk;s]sf 5g\ . slxNo} ;':tfpg ghfGg] x'dfufO{+ clxn] klg n]vgsf If]qdf plQs} ;lqmo 5g\ / ;flxlTos ;ª\3–;+:yfdf ;+nUg /xL ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf nfluk/]]sf 5g\ .

        cfkm" dfq geO{ c¿nfO{ ;d]t n]vg / ;fdflhs lxtsf sfo{lt/ pT;flxt–k|]l/t ul//xg] oL /fli6«o k|ltef lauf}tL /ªsf] v2/sf] bf}/f;'?jfn / sf]6 Pj+ efbufp“n] 6f]kLsf] kf]zfsdf sf“wdf emf]nf af]s]/ g]kfnL klx/gdf /fhwfgL / /fhwfgLaflx/sf ljleGg ;flxlTos sfo{qmdx¿df s'lb/x]sf e]l6G5g\ . cUnf] hLp, sn;fp“bf] j0f{ / b/f]v/f] af]nLJojxf/ pgsf afx\o lrgf/L x'g\ eg] zf]lift–kLl8t hgtfsf kIfdf dg, arg / sd{n] h'l6/xg' pgsf] ljlzi6 klxrfg xf], h'g pgsf l;h{gfx¿df lg/Gt/ k|ltlalDat 5 . n]vg / cfr/0faLrsf] tfbfTDo ?rfpg] hgs ul/vfg] jf rf]/L7uL gvfg] JolQmnfO{ dg k/fp“5g\ / w]/}sf lxtdf ;3fp k'Ug] ;flxTo n]Vg] / n]v]cg';f/ cfr/0f ug]{ n]vssf] kIfdf pleG5g\ . /ft u'hfg{sf lglDt sfe|]sf anynL / /fgLkfgL tyf sf7df8f}“sf] zflGtgu/sf] lqsf]0ffTds kmGsf] dfl//xg] oL ;flxlTos k|ltef jgjfl6sfsf] ;~rfngdf klg ljz]if cle?lr /fVb5g\ . e|d0fsf l;nl;nfdf g]kfnsf rf}w c~rn, ef/tsf s]xL :yfg / rLgsf] vf;f ahf/;Dddf kfOnf 6]s]sf oL n]vsn] cfkm"n] b]v]ef]u]sf] ;dfh / k|s[ltaf6 kof{Kt cg'ej ;“ufn]sf 5g\ / To;nfO{ cfgf /rgfsf dfWodaf6 cleJolQm lbg] sfo{ klg u/]sf 5g\ . zf]if0f, pTkL8g, hfnem]n, hfltkflt, ¿l9, cGwljZjf;cflbsf lj/f]wdf ;+3if{ ug]{ qmddf ljleGg xG8/ / 7Ss/ vfPsf] tyf 5 dlxgf em\ofnvfgfdf latfPsf] tLtf] cg'ej ;“ufn]sf ;flxTosf/ x'dfufO{+sf ;flxlTos Pj+ eflifs of]ubfg tyf ;flxlTos If]qsf] ;lqmotf k|ultjfbL g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxŒjk"0f{ ;DklQ ag]sf 5g\, h;sf af/]df rrf{ rnfpg] hdsf]{ o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .

@= k|sflzt s[ltx¿

        hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+sf] of]ubfgn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf If]qdf sljtf, syf, lgaGw, ;dfnf]rgf, afn;flxTocflb ljwfnfO{ /l;nf] el/nf] agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 eg] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ z'4, ;d[4 / em/f]]{ t'Nofpg klg cfg} k|sf/n] d2t u/]sf] 5 . sljtf–;ª\u|xsf ¿kdf ‘kl;gf’ -@)!(_ / ‘gfgL k9\5’ -@)^)_ k|sflzt 5g\ eg] ‘g]kfnLsf] b'MvL ;':s]/f’ -@)!^_, ‘of}6} gf/f nfpg' 5’ -@)!^_, ‘g]kfn cfdfsf] ;Tojrg’ -@)!&_, ‘vf]nf] ;f“3'’ -@)@%_ sf ;fy} ljleGg kqklqsfdf km'6s/ sljtfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . o;/L g} ‘ls;fgsf] ult’ -@)!^_, ‘b'MvL u/Lasf] ;jfO{’ -@)@!_ / ‘uf]/] 3tL{sf] ;jfO{’ -@)#@_ pgsf v08sfJofTds s[ltsf ¿kdf k|sflzt 5g\ . syfsf If]qdf pgsf ljleGg afnsyf–;ª\u|xx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . ltgdf ‘uf]s'nsL cfdf s;/L lgsf] eOg\’ -@)#^_, ‘u'lgnf kf“r afnsyf’ -@)$!_, ‘af cfdfsf] dfof’ -@)$#_, ‘lbbLefOsf] dfof’ -@)$&_, ‘rDkf / dfofn' sfsf’ -@)%)_, ‘dfntLsf] ofqfj0f{g’ -@)%!_, ‘efOalxgLsf syf’ -@)%#_, ‘6f6]kfª\u|]’ -@)%* ;xn]vg_, ‘cd"No pkxf/’ -@)%*, ;xn]vg_, ‘nx/] kLknsf] syf’ -@)%(_ ‘unL kQf nufpg] gLlt’
-@)%(_ / ‘c;n ldq’ -@)^)_ /x]sf 5g\ . logsf cltl/Qm ‘/f/f’ -@)#$_, ‘gjo'jf’ -@)%(_ nufotsf ljleGg klqsfx¿df pgsf km'6s/ afnsyfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . ‘snf–;flxTo tyf efiff–;+:s[ltsf] If]qdf ;ft ;fnsf] kl/jt{gsf] k|efj / xfd|f] eljio -@)$@_, ‘Pp6f OlGhlgo/sf] tflnd] efiff / To;n] pTkGg u/]sf] k|efj’
-@)$(_ pgsf lgaGwfTds k'l:tsfsf ¿kdf k|sflzt /xgfsf ;fy} cGo sltko km'6s/ n]v–lgaGwx¿ klg ‘ul/df’, ‘dw'ks{’ cflb kqklqsfdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . ‘g]kfnL afn;flxTo’ -@)%^_ pgsf] ;dLIffTds s[lt xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm ‘cGt{Wjlg’ -@)@$_ cflbdf klg pgsf ;dfnf]rgfTds n]vx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a}sf ;Dk"0f{tfdf pgsf ;flxlTos Pj+ eflifs If]qsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgofNg ;lsG5 tfklg oxf“ pgsf] sfJosfl/tfdf s]lGb|t /x]/ rrf{ rnfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

#= sfJosfl/tf

        ‘ls;fgsf] ult’ -@)!^_ >L x'dfufO{+nfO{ slj Pj+ v08sfJosf ¿kdf g]kfnL kf7sx¿;fd' k'¥ofpg] klxnf] s[lt xf] . ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;dk{0f u/]/ n]lvPsf] o; s[ltaf/] wd{/fh yfkf / lzjk|;fb g]kfnLsf dxŒjk"0f{ dGtJox¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . pgLx¿sf lgDglnlvt egfOx¿n] g} slj / pgsf] sfJosf] klxrfg k|:t't u5{g\ M

        æo:tf] slj / n]vsn] n]v]/, k':ts a]r]/ hLjg u'hfg{ g;Sg] g]kfndf s'lNrPsf] tNnf] bhf{sf] ;flxTonfO{ af]sL ‘ls;fgsf] ult’ eGb} zx/df tL zf]lift–kLl8t hLjg c“Wof/f cfefuL ls;fgsf] efjgf nL cfpg] >Lhgsk|;fb zdf{ ;f“Rr}sf] cf“l6nf] x'g'x'G5 .Æ

– wd{/fh yfkf

‘xf]Og eg] xfdL d¥of}“, d¥of}“’

x] Kof/f ;fyL x] ⁄ Kof/f ldq ltdLn] n]v]5f},

ls;fg pk/ k/]sf] b'Mv ltdLn] b'v]5f}

xhf/f}+ jif{b]lvsf] si6 ltdLn] a'em]5f},

k/]sf] pgsf] Tof] u'lKt bb{ ltdLn] vf]n]5f} .

– lzjk|;fb g]kfnL

        ‘ls;fgsf] ult’ -@)!^_sf ljz]iftfaf/] jf;'b]j zdf{ -@)@&, k[i7 #@_åf/f oy]i6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . b]jsf]6fsf] em\ofp/] 5GbnfO{ k5\ofp“b} n]lvPsf] of] s[lt #! j6f ljz]iftfn] o'Qm /x]sf] ljj]rgf pgn] u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf ls;fgsf] b'Mvdo hLjg / cefj, cfly{s zf]if0f, a]/f]huf/L, pBf]uwGbfsf] cefj, k/b]z nfUg'kg]{ l:ylt, klZrdL ljs[t ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj, cgd]n Pj+ afnljjfx, Gofo gkfpg] cj:yfcflb cg]s ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] jf:tljs lrq k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ o; s[ltn] u/]sf] 5 . ls;fgpk/ x'g] cTofrf/sf] lgeL{s cleJolQm Pj+ pgsf] cfn°fl/s cle?lrsf] klxrfg tnsf k+lQmx¿af6 x'g ;S5 M

sfg'g n8"g\ pg}sf] hLt /fhfn] b]Vb}g

of] cTofrf/ ls;fg efOsf] b]Vg]n] n]v]g .

-k[i7 #, Znf]s !#_

nufp“5 clg Tof] leqL s}“rL 8'x'/] d';fem}“

sf6\b5 x/] ls;fgsf] d'6' 9fNb5 km]b g} .

-k[i7 $, Znf]s !^_

        >L x'dfufO{+n] a]zLif{ssf] e"ldsf, ljb]lzg' kg]{, a]sf/L, e08f/ vfnL 5, afNohLjg, gd]l6g] -ulx/f]_ rf]6, lat]kl5, csfndxf“ dg'{kg]{ h:tf cf7 v08df af“8]sf] cfgf] o; k|yd s[ltaf6 g} cfgf] j}rfl/s ofqf s'g uGtJolt/ nlIft 5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ . tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf k|ultzLn ;flxTonfO{ hghLjgdf lkm“hfpg ls;fgsf] hLjgdf cfwfl/t o; s[ltn] k"/f u/]sf] e"ldsf pNn]vgLo x'g' :jfefljs 5 . ‘d'gfdbg’df cEo:t g]kfnL kf7sx¿n] ljrf/sf gjLg lemNsfn] o'Qm nf]snofTds v08sfJo k|fKt ug'{ cjZod]j pknlAwsf] Ps pGgt v'8\lsnf] plSng' lyof] .

        pgsf] ‘b'MvL ul/asf] ;jfO{’ -@)@!_ df slj l;l4r/0f >]i7n] dhb'/x¿sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf] x]g{ rfxg], cf}Bf]uLs/0fnfO{ cfJxfg ug]{, d]nsf] cfjZostfaf]w u/]/ lrRofpg], b]zel/ lzIffsf] /f“sf] afNg vf]Hg], zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug]{ pkfo ;f]Rg], htftt} dfgjtfsf] ljho ePsf] x]g{ rfxg] b'MvL ul/ax¿sf] lrTsf/n] x[boljJxn gjo'jssf ¿kdf sljsf] kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . ;jfO{ 5Gbdf afx| r/0fdf /lrt o; v08sfJon] slj x'dfufO{+sf] j}rfl/s Pj+ sflJos lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy} nf]s5Gbsf ljljw e]bnfO{ sfJodf grfpg ;Sg] pgsf] v'aLnfO{ cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . efUojfb, zf]if0f, ul/aL, hftkft, cGwljZjf;cflbaf6 ul/a, kfn], cb{nL, b/afg, >ldssf ¿kdf /x]sf b'MvL–ul/ax¿nfO{ s;/L d'Qm ug]{ eGg] pgsf] lrGtf o; v08sfJosf k+lQmx¿df kf]lvPsf] 5 . ul/asf] ;hLjg lrq0f Pj+ p;sf] d'lQmsf] ljZjf;nfO{ pg}sf sljtfdf x]g{ ;lsG5 M

lbg/ft kl;gf df6f]df aufpg]

vf]n]kmf“8f];Ddg lkpg gkfpg]

vfnL k]6 vfnL cfª vfnL xf85fnf

cf]8f/ k;]sf sGr6 / ufnf

-k|yd r/0f, Znf]s #_

k|ultsf a}/Lx¿ lhNnflhNnL k¿g\,

s:tf] /] 5 ul/a cg'ej u¿g\ .

-clGtd r/0f, Znf]s !#)_

        ul/an] C0f dfUg hf“bf sfddf hf]tfOg], gSsnL sfuhdf NofKr] nufOg], ‘df5f] df5f] Eofu'tf]’ ul/g], clzIffsf] kmfObf p7fOg] h:tf s'/fx¿sf] n]vf nufp“b} cGo b]zdf ePsf] k|ult :jb]zdf s;/L ug]{ / 1fgsf] cf“vf vf]n]/ s;/L b]z pHofnf] kfg]{ eGg] s'/f klg pgsf sljtfsf efsf ag]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ;dfhk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj / /fi6«k||]dL efjgf b'j} sljtfsf x/km ag]/ snsnfPsf] ‘b'MvL ul/asf] ;jfO{’df ;'Gg ;lsG5 .

        ‘uf]/] 3tL{sf] ;jfO{’ -@)#@_ pgsf] csf]{ ;jfO{ 5Gbdf n]lvPsf] rf/ v08df ljeflht v08sfJo xf] . ‘v]taf/Lsf] ;ef’, ‘d'lvofsf] /rgf’, ‘aflx/ leq v}nfa}nf’ / ‘5nkmnsf] l5gf]kmfgf]’ zLif{sdf rf/ pkzLif{s o;leq /x]sf 5g\ . sljsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjaf/] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] zf]w k"/f ug]{ gf/fo0f 9sfn -@)$&, k[i7 ^&_ sf cg';f/ o; sfJosf k|d'v 36gfx¿ -!_ ;fdGtL d'lvofsf] if8\oGqåf/f uf]/] 3tL{sf] df]lxofgL vf]l;g', -@_ v]taf/Lsf] s't glt/]sf] d'lvofsf] dgu9Gt] cf/f]kåf/f cbfntaf6 df]lxofgL vf]l;Psf] k'hL{ cfPkl5 ls;fgx¿ s't lt/]sf] ekf{O{ lng d'lvofsf 3/df hfg' / d'lvofn] glbg', -#_ d'lvof / k|zf;gsf] ;+o'Qm if8\oGqåf/f rf]/Lsf] c;To cf/f]kdf ls;fgx¿ h]ndf kg'{ / -$_ ;TofGj]ifL / b[9lgZroL ls;fgx¿ h]naf6 5'6]kl5 wd{sf] b'xfO{ lbP/ zf]if0fj[lQ ug]{ cf8Da/L d'lvofsf lj?4df P]Soa4 eP/ ;+3if{ ug{ b[9 k|ltl1t x'g'Æ /x]sf 5g\ . e"ld;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ lnP/ ju{;+3if{lt/ ls;fgx¿nfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] o; sflJos s[ltdf zf]ifs ju{ / ltgsf bnfn Pj+ zf]lift ju{sf kfqx¿aLr /x]sf] åGå / ;+3if{nfO{ lgofNg ;lsG5 . sfJosf] cGtlt/sf] tnsf] Znf]sn] o; s[ltsf] nIo a'em\g xfdLnfO{ d2t u5{ M

x'G5 x'G5 uf]/] 3tL{

lx“8 ca hfpm“

d'lvofsf] hldgdf

lx“8 afnL nfpm“ .

-rf}yf] v08, Znf]s #@(_

        ‘uf]/] 3tL{sf] ;jfO{{’ -@)#@_ df sljn] Psflt/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ lrq k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ To;nfO{ abNg] / gof“ h'unfO{ cfdGq0f ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgL zf]if0f Pj+ pTkL8gsf h/f pv]lng] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5g\ / lj1fgsf] rdTsf/, snsf/vfgf, oftfoft, lzIff cflbsf] ljsf;åf/f /fi6«sf] d'xf/ pHofnf] eO5f8\g] e/f];f lbnfpg rfxG5g\ .

        slj x'dfufO{+sf km'6s/ sljtfx¿ klg /fi6«k|]d, lgDg ju{sf ;d:of / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf :j/x¿ lnP/ g} nf]snodf u'~h]sf 5g\ . ‘g]kfnLsf] b'MvL ;':s]/f’ -@)!^_ gfds sljtf k'l:tsfdf pgL :jo+sf ;fy} rGb|axfb'/ v8\sf / lty{axfb'/ v8\sfsf Ps–Psj6f sljtf k|sflzt 5g\ . To;df ‘g]kfnLk|lt’ zLif{sdf pgsf] sljtf k|:t't 5 . To;df ;dfh;'wf/ / b]zk|]dsf efjx¿ k|s6 ePsf 5g\ . :yfoLsf ¿kdf ‘efO xf] ⁄ x}g Tof] lbg, 5}g Tof] lbg nf}g ;'g g]kfnL xf] x}g Tof] lbg’ /x]sf] ;f] sljtfsf] gd"gf tnsf] Znf]sdf x]g{ ;lsG5 M

eGg'xf]nf cfg} k]6 eg]]{ cfP lbg .

To;f] x}g g]kfnL xf] cfgf] xs lng ..

cl3 a9f}“ cf“;' k'5f}“ ca sDd/ s;f}“ .

dft[e"ld g]kfn of] :ju{ agfO{ a;f}“ ..

-k[i7 %, Znf]s #_

        ‘of}6} gf/f nfpg' 5 ca’ -@)!^_ leqsf sljtfx¿nfO{ sljn] /fli6«o nosf sljtf eGg ?rfPsf 5g\ . o;df ‘lxDdt xfg'{ 5}g ca’ zLif{ssf] Ps csf]{ sljtf klg ;dflji6 5 . ;ft k[i7sf] k'l:tsfsf ¿kdf k|sflzt o; s[ltdf ‘ltd|f] nflu oL ;a} 5f]/f a/fa/ ;dfg x}gg\ / <’ :yfoL /x]sf] ‘Pp6} gf/f nfpg' 5 ca’ k|d'v sljtfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;df juL{o lje]bsf] :ki6 lrq0f 5 . ul/a / wgLsf ljz]iftfx¿ 5'6\ofpg] qmddf sljn] oxf“ ef]sf] k]6 / rf}/f;L Jo~hg, ljb]lzg' kg]{ l:ylt / /fHod} wgwfGotf, k/fO{e"ld / hGde"ld, c;dfg ljt/0fsf] l;sf/ aGg] ju{ / To;af6 nfeflGjt x'g] ju{, 6f/L / cjnv]t, k/fn] 5fk|f] / lem“u6L3/, 5·f5f]/ eL/sf] ofqf / ljBfnoudg, vf]n]sf] cefj / b"weft, la/fdL cj:yfdf cw{hnsf] cefj / d]l8sn c:ktfn, af“emf] vGg] / xfO{;f]vdf a:g], b'O{ k};] hGd / cd"No hGdsf aLr /]vf°g ub}{ ;dfgtfsf] gf/f nufPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] lje]b cGTo ug]{ sljsf] rfxgf o;k|sf/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 M

cGofodf kg]{hlt bfh'efO ca

lj/f]wsf] gf/f nfpg cl3 a9\5g\ ;a

;+u7g u5{ sDd/ s;L b/f] agL

of}6} gf/f nfp“5 ;dfg xs b]pm egL ..

-k[i7 ^, Znf]s @)_

        ‘lxDdt xfg'{ x'“b}g’df lj/xsf] /f“sf] lgefpg]], ;'t]sfnfO{ lap“emfpg], lxDdt;fy psfnf] r9\g] / rf}tf/Ldf ;':tfO{ zflGtsf] uLt ufpg] sljsf] /x/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . pgn] j]bgf / lj/xsf] cGTo ug]{ ljxfgL af]nfpg lau'n km's]sf 5g\ / cufl8 a9]/ ;d/d} k:g klg tDtof/ 5g\ . pgsf] o; sljtfsf tnsf k+lQmn] nf]snonfO{ grfpg pgsf] sf}zn ;Ifd /x]sf] k'li6 u5{ M

lj/x /f“sf] lgefp ;'t]sfnfO{ hufpg

lju'n t}+n] km'Sg' 5 laxfgLnfO{ af]nfpg

lxhf]sf] t]/f] ;kgf ljkgLdf Nofpg' 5

lsgf/fsf] hxfh kfl/ nfg Vofpg' 5 .

-k[i7 ^, Znf]s %_

        ‘g]kfn cfdfsf] ;Tojrg’ -@)!&_ df slj hgssf ‘g]kfnL cfdf;“u’ / ‘g]kfn cfdfsf] ;Tojrg’ tyf OGb|k|;fb x'dfufO{+sf] ‘dft[ljof]u gx]/’ sljtf k|sflzt 5g\ . ;ft k[i7sf] o; k'l:tsfsf sljtfsf nonfO{ sljx¿ :jo+n] /fli6«o nosf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . slj hgsn] o;df 5f]/f / cfdfsf] ;+jfbsf ¿kdf pko'{Qm /rgfx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . cfdf cfkm"x¿af6 6fl9Psf]df lanf}gf ub}{ 5f]/fn] ænf}g xf] ⁄ cfdf cfpg xf] ⁄ cfdf, 5f]/f ltd|f 6'x'/f 5g\ cfpg x] cfdfÆ eGg] / cfdfn] æ;'g ;'g axfb'/ d]/f] lsg ufp“5f} lj/x . kmf];|f] dfof axfb'/ ef]–ef] ca nfpg] gu/Æ eGb} cfgf egfO /fVg] sfd tL sljtfx¿df ePsf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6«sf ljz]iftfx¿sf] aofg ub}{ /fi6«f]Ggltsf efjgfx¿ JoQm ug]{ qmddf slj eG5g\ M

pGgt Tof] b]zsf] bf“hf] klg rf“8f] 5f]nf,

gof“ cfpnf jftfj/0f ¿k cs}{{ xf]nf

dgsf] wf]sf] lz/sf] l;Gb'/ cd/ klg xf]nf,

of] hGddf ltd|f] xfd|f] e]6 klg xf]nf .

-k[i7 %, Znf]s !#_

        slj x'dfufO{+sf] efjgfsf] e]n pn{g yfn]kl5 kB sljtf / uB sljtfsf ¿kdf cg]s sljtfx¿ ;fj{hlgs eP / lj=;+= @)!( df ‘kl;gf’ sljtf;+u|x !* j6f sljtfx¿;lxt k|sflzt eof] . o;cl3 k'l:tsfx¿df st} Psn / st} ;+o'Qm ¿kdf km'6s/ sljtfx¿ k:s“b} cfPsf x'dfufO{+sf] of] s[lt km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] klxnf] k':tsfsf/ s[lt aGg k'Uof] . o; ;+u|xsf] dGtJodf slj l;l4r/0f >]i7n] g]kfnL ;flxTosfzdf pHHjn tf/f eP/ pxf“ -slj x'dfufO{+_ pbfPsf] x]g]{ lbg rf“8} kfOg] pb\3f]if ub}{ slj cfgf b]zsf c;+Vo ul/a ls;fg tyf el/ofx¿sf] s?0f hLjgnfO{ b]v]/ lanf}gf ub}{ slxn] gof“ lbg, ;'vL lbg cfpnf egL cft'/ /x]sf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;+u|xsf ‘kl;gf’, ‘lbgdf’, ‘ls;fg’, ‘el/of’ / ‘lanf}gf’nfO{ pgn] nf]snosf kB -em\ofp/]_ tkm{sf /rgfsf ¿kdf / ‘d]/f sljtf’, ‘ckmzf]r’, ‘hLjg’, ‘pQ/’, ‘j/bfg’, ‘k5'tfp <’, ‘;Nnfx’, ‘u/La’, ‘cft{gfb’, ‘kl;gf’, ‘lgb|faf6’ / ‘cy{’nfO{ uBtkm{sf /rgfsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o;}df logn] sljtfafx]s #) j6f uBfTds ;"lSt–plStx¿ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ .

        o; ;+u|xsf pgsf sljtfx¿df pgn] bLgb'MvLsf] klg Pslbg kmls{g] s'/f JoQm ub}{ el/of / ls;fgsf] kl;gf Pj+ kl/>dsf] aofg u/]sf 5g\ . ;lxbsf ;kgf k"/f gePsf]df g]kfn cfdfsf] lanf}gf kf]Vg] sfd klg pgn] oxf“ u/]sf 5g\ . cfgf sljtfx¿ ck]Iffg'¿k n]lvg g;s]sf] cfTd:jLs[lt:j¿k pgL eG5g\ M

;xg g;sL sf]sf{/ ubf{,

af“emf] kfvf] vGg kmf]bf{ ⁄

d]/f sljtf o:t} x'G5g\,

sljtf;ljtf o:t} n]V5' ⁄

-d]/f sljtf, k[i7 !!, Znf]s *_

        pgsf cGo uB sljtfx¿df zf]ifssf] xf“;f] / zf]liftsf] cf“;'sf] aofg / zf]if0fk|lt ;xfg'e"lt 5 . afuahf/sf] 8]/fsf] lahf]u cj:yf, dfG5]sf] hLjgdf ;"o{sf] Gofgf] 3fd gnfu]sf] / b;}+ltxf/h:tf rf8kj{ klg jf:tljs rf8kj{ aGg g;s]sf] l:yltn] pgnfO{ lrlGtt t'NofPsf] 5 . wtL{ cfdf;“u oxf“sf] ul/aLsf] v}nfa}nf x6fpg] j/bfg dfUg] oL sljn] 5n5fdsf] cGTo x'g] / 5n5fd ug]{sf] cGTodf s;}sf] k5'tf] g/xg] 7f]s'jf u/]sf 5g\ . pgL dfgjx[boLnfO{ cGofo–cTofrf/sf] lgd"{n ug]{ ;Nnfx lb+b} To;df ;a}n] ;fy lbg] / ljho klg eO5f8\g] e/f];f lbG5g\ . ul/an] ;f“emljxfg xftd'v hf]g'{kg]{ lrGtf / ef]sn] jfUdtLem}+ lrTsf/ u/]sf] cft{gfbn] pgnfO{ Jolyt t'NofPsf] 5 . sfd gkfP/ ;a}lt/af6 ckx]lnt eO{ rf]/sf ¿kdf gSv' h]ndf y'lgg k'Ug]sf] kL8f klg pgsf] sljn] cg'e"t u/]sf] 5 . pgL hGdg' / vfg'sf] cy{ dg'{ / af“Rg' xf] eg] Tof] Joy{ 5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . pgsf] ‘kl;gf’df ul/asf] kl;gfsf] d"No o;/L 7DofOPsf] 5 M

s7f]/ >dsf] af/bnLaf6 lgwf/sf] 5fgfdf

lgwf/sf] 5fgfaf6 hLjgsf] an];Ldf

tKktKk Psgf;;“u s}No} g/f]lsO{ c6'6 ultdf

;w}“el/ tlKs/x]sf] /uth:t} ul/asf] kl;gf .

-kl;gf, k[i7 @!, Znf]s @_

        pgsf ;"lStdo plQmx¿df klg ;dfh / /fi6«sf] lrGtf 5fPsf] 5 . ;+If]kdf cfgf 1fg / cg'ejsf ;f/x¿ cl3 ;f/]/ ;dfhnfO{ :j:y lbzflt/ cl3 a9fpg] pgsf] rfxgf ltgdf k|ltljlDat 5 . pgsf] lrGtgsf] hnkdf pHoflnPsf tL plQmdf s]xL x/kmx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

JolQmut ;DklQ sdfpg]x¿af6 b]zsf] k|ult x'g ;Qm}g

dflg;sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] efUo ;To OR5f bL3{ /xg' xf]

lsgeg] ;To OR5fn] g} dflg;nfO{ dflg; agfp“5 .

bof gePsf;“u ljj]s klg x'“b}g .

        oL egfOx¿ sljtf– ;+u|xdf /flvgfsf] cy{ /x]sf] x'g ;S5 . oL ljrf/sf e'Nsf ;+ejtM sljtfs} aLhsf ¿kdf sljsf x[bodf pTkGg ePsf] x'g'k5{ / ltgn] sljtfTds cfsf/ k|fKt ug{ g;s] klg sljtf;+u|xleq hf]ufpg] OR5fn] Toxf“leq :yfg lbnfPsf] x'g'k5{ .

        ‘vf]nf] ;f“3'’ -@)@%_ ;dfhnfO{ cg]s g/fd|f sfdn] aufpg vf]Hg] vf]nf]¿kL km6fxf, r';fxf / cGofoLx¿sf lj/f]wdf ;f“3'¿kL c;n ljrf/åf/f kf/ u/fpg rfxg] *) Znf]s] nf]snofTds sljtfsf] k'l:tsf xf] / lnyf]s} ¿kdf of] d'lb|t 5 . o; k'l:tsfsf sljtfx¿ 5n5fd / hfnem]naf6 s;/L kf/ kfpg ;lsG5 eGg] b[li6n] ;lhnf] efiffdf n]lvPsf] s'/f kBw/ h'h'n] cfgf] sljtfofqf oxf“;Dd cfOk'Ubf cem kl/is[t aGg k'u]sf] s'/f o;sf tnsf k+lQmx¿n] :ki6 kf5{g\ M

lyrf]ldrf] ug]{x¿

la/fnf]em}+ x'G5g\

d';fnfO{ v]nfPem}+

bfpk]r v]N5g\

-k[i7 !, Znf]s @_

xfd|f] tLy{ lyrfxfnfO{

‘ugfpg]’ x'G5

xfd|f] wd{ r';fxfnfO{

‘lrgfpg]’ x'G5 .

-k[i7 *, Znf]s #@_

        o; s[ltn] ;dfhnfO{ s;/L kf/ nufpg] / pGgltlt/ pGd'v t'Nofpg] eGg] s'/f ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . cfgf lrGtgnfO{ hgefjgfdf 3f]n]/ sljn] ;'u|fx\o Pj+ ;'kf7\o t'Nofpg pNn]Vo ldlxg]t o;df u/]sf 5g\ .

        ‘gfgL k9\5’ -@)^)_ sljtf;+u|xsf ¿kdf k|sflzt ePsf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . lj=;+= @)#@ df sljn] ‘uf]/] 3tL{sf] ;jfO{’ k|sflzt u/]kl5 syf, lgaGwcflbem}+ sljtflt/ a9L Wofg lbPsf] b]]lv+b}g tfklg kqklqsfx¿df s]xL sljtf eg] b]vf kl//x]s} lyP . To;s} kmn:j¿k @! j6f afnuLt / sljtfx¿sf] ;+u|xsf ¿kdf k|:t't s[lt xfdLdfem cfOk'u]sf] 5 . o;df ‘?jfpg] sf]’, ‘gfgL k9\5’, ‘lsg /f]Psf]’, ‘cfdf cfpg'x'G5’, ‘cfdf cfpg'eof]’, ‘k'tnL’, ‘gflt xh'/af ;+jfb’, ‘5f]/L’, ‘km"nh:t} xfdL’, ‘xfd|f] gfgL’, ‘v]n’, ‘xfd|L gfgL’, ‘sfn'’, ‘af“b/’, ‘s] ug]{ <’, ‘;fgL gfgL’, ‘d]/f] efO’, ‘bfh'efO’, ‘7"nf]’, ‘kfgL eg]{ sljtf’ / ‘cfg} hLjg’ zLif{ssf sljtfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . afnf]kof]uL 9·n] ;/n ¿kdf n]lvPsf sljsf pQ/fw{sfnsf oL sljtf gfgLx¿sf lgldQ lk|o 5g\ . logdf gfgLnfO{ c;n af6f] b]vfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 / pgLx¿sf ;]/f]km]/f] Pj+ kx'“rsf sltko ljifoj:t'x¿sf] /f]]rs j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . st} s'/f u/]sf ;+jfb / st} 5f]6fdL7f no 3/, ljBfno, au}+rf, k'tnL v]n, af“b/, d';fcflbsf aofg ul/Psf oL sljtfdf pxf“sf] c;n cleefjsLo e"ldsfnfO{ lgofNg ;lsG5 . logsf s]xL k+lQmx¿af6 g} logsf] klxrfg kfpg ;lsG5 M

sf]xL v]N5g\ ;dfhdf

d';f kfNg] v]n

sf]xL v]N5g\ ;dfhdf

d';f kmfNg] v]n .

-v]n k[i7 @%, Znf]s !_

km"nh:t} gfgL xfdL

xfdL h:t} km"n

xfdL b'j} ;dfhsf

k|]/0ffsf d"n .

-km"nh:t} xfdL, k[i7 @!, Znf]s #_

v]bf] ug]{ zq' eof]

enf] ug]{ efO

To;}sf/0f x}gg\ xfd|f

;a} bfh'efO .

-Znf]s #_

        afnssf lglDt afnsljtf n]Vg pgsf] hLjgsf] pQ/fw{df 5'gd'gfPsf efjgfn] g]kfnL afn;flxTonfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ v'/fs k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . cfgf] hLjgn] cg]s cg'ejx¿ a6'ln;s]kl5 gfltgfltgfx¿ v]nfp“b} / pgLx¿;“u lhl:s“b} n]lvPsf oL sljtf sljsf b]vfO / ef]ufOdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . logsf zAb, efj / no ;f“lRrs} nf]enfUbf 5g\ .

$= lgisif{

        slj x'dfufO{+n] tLgj6f v08sfJo / tLgj6f sljtf;+u|x clg rf/j6f k'l:tsfx¿df k|:t't u/]sf ;+u|x sfJos[ltx¿lt/ b[li6 nufp“bf pgsf] n]vg ;f]2]Zod"ns /x]sf] / To;;“u ;dfh Pj+ /fi6«sf] lxt uf“l;Psf] :ki6 x'G5 . pgn] ‘;j{hglxtfo’nfO{ geP/ ‘ax'hglxtfo’nfO{ cfgf] nIo agfPsf 5g\ . hLjgsf] pQ/f4{df afnaflnsfsf km"naf/Ldf ljr/0f ug{ ?rfP . sljtfdf pgn] em\ofp/], ;jfO{cflb nf]s5GbnfO{ c“ufNgsf ;fy} uB sljtftkm{ klg s]xL cEof; u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf sljtfsf cWo]tf u+ufk|;fb pk|]tL -@)%#, k[i7 $#_ s] eG5g\ eg] sljtfsf] z}nLkIfnfO{ psf:g] efjgfsf] d"lt{s/0fsf] k|ljlw / sNkgfTds ljZn]if0f / cg'e"ltnfO{ ;fdflhs ljDadf ptfg]{ snfdf x'dfufO{+sf] slj lgs} k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /x] klg sYo k|:t'ltsf nflu ckgfPsf nf]sno / ;/n efiffn] pgsf] ljrf/nfO{ snfTds klx/gdf k|:t't ug{ lgs} d2t u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf slj x'dfufO{+sf sljtfdf snfkIfeGbf ljrf/kIf a9L k|an /x]sf] 5 . To;n] Jofks hg;d'bfonfO{ cfgf] nIo agfPsf] 5 . To;}n] zf:qLo 5Gbsf ljlwljwfg jf uB sljtfsf k|tLs ljDadf /dfpg vf]Hg]x¿ pgsf sljtfTds s[ltk|lt gfs v'DRofpg ;S5g\ t/ cfd hg;d'bfodf ltgn] lkm“hfpg] ljrf/ tyf hglha|f]n] vf]Hg] nf]snosf] :jfbsf b[li6n] egL tL ;xh, :jfefljs / /l;nf 5g\ . k~rfotL ps';d's';sf ;dodf oL sljtfx¿n] hgtfnfO{ ;f; km]g{ ;lhnf] t'NofPsf] s'/f klg x/]sn] x]Ssf /fVg cfjZos 5 / To; b[li6n] klg logsf] dxŒj cf“lsg' pko'Qm x'g]5 . slj :jo+ hg;flxTosf kIfdf /x]sfn] pgsf s[ltx¿sf] d"Nof°g klg ;f]xL sf]0faf6 x'g cfjZos 5 / Oltxf;sf ljlzi6 sfnv08sf dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKtsf ¿kdf ltgnfO{ x]l/g' o'lQm;+ut b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{–s[lt;"rL

–   pk|]tL, u+ufk|;fb, x'dfufO{+sf slj / sljtfsf] w/ftn, JolQm, s[lt / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}+ M k|ltef k|sfzg, @)%* .

–   9sfn, gf/fo0f, ‘uf]/] 3tL{sf] ;jfO{df b[li6 lb“bf’, pb\3f]if, !M!, @)$& .

–   yfkf, wd{/fh, ‘xf]Og eg] xfdL d¥of}“ d¥of}“’, ls;fgsf] ult, sf7df8f}“ M /Tg k':ts e08f/, @)!^ .

–   g]kfnL, lzjk|;fb, ‘>L dfggLo hgsk|;fbhLs}’, ls;fgsf] ult, sf7df8f}“, /Tg k':ts e08f/, @)!^ .

–   zdf{, jf;'b]j, ‘ls;fgsf] uLtdf cg'e"lt / oyfy{’, lt;{gf, !M!, @)@& .

–   >]i7, l;l4r/0f, ‘dGtJo’, kl;gf, sf7df8f}“ M >L lji0f'k|;fb k/fh'nL, @)!( .

–   ==== ‘e"ldsf’, b'MvL ul/asf] ;jfO{, nlntk''/ M 5]qaxfb'/ sfo:y, @)@! .

–       ====== ‘z'esfdgf’, uf]/] 3tL{sf] ;jfO{, sfe|] M zf]ef x'dfufO{+, @)#) . r

'O“rfnf]sf] b[Zo

dgf]h Gof}kfg]

n8\g nfu]sf] uf/f]

elTsPsf em\ofn–9f]sf

kfgL r'lxg] 5fgf]

hf]8n] lx+8\bf xNng]

Pp6f hL0f{ 3/

h;sf] leQfdf

s;}n] n]v]/ 6f“l;lbG5

d]/f] ;kgf, e'O“rfnf]sf] g[To

k"/f ug]{ sf]xL 5 <

of] h;n] n]Vof]

;dosf] cfjfh n]Vof]

p;nfO{ d]/f] tkm{af6

xflb{s wGojfb 5 ⁄  r

Clif/fd Gof}kfg] /

pgsf] sljtfofqf

x]dgfy kf}8]n

!= ljifo–k|j]z

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg] g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxlTos kmf“6sf d"w{Go ;|i6f x'g\ . pgn] cfgf] ;f9] 5 bzs -!((%–@)^)_sf] hLjgofqfsf qmddf rf/ bzs ;flxTo;fwgfdf nufP/ 8]9 bh{geGbf a9L sljtf–sfJo s[lt / s}of}+ km'6s/ /rgfx¿sf] ;[hgf u/]/ g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxlTos If]qdf vf;u/L 5Gbf]a4 sljtf wf/fdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . pgsf Pp6f k|sflzt / rf/j6f ck|sflzt sljtf–;ª\u|x, bzj6f k|sflzt v08sfJo Pj+ Pp6f k|sflzt / tLgj6f ck|sflzt dxfsfJo u/L hDdf !( j6f sfJos[ltx¿ pknAw 5g\ . @)@)÷@! ;fnlt/sf] g]kfnL sljtfsf] Pp6f leGg kl/j]z / j}rfl/s ;ª\s6k"0f{ cj:yfdf sfJoofqf k|f/De u/]sf slj Gof}kfg] ;'?df cfEofl;s :t/ / j}rfl/s cndns} cj:yfdf /x]sf b]lvP klg qmdzM cfgf] p2]Zo, cfbz{ / ceLi6åf/f clek|]l/t x'“b} cfp“bf pgsf] sljtfofqfdf klg j}rfl/s :ki6tf / sfJofTds :t/Lotf k|fKt x'“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . sljtfofqfsf qmddf pgsf sljTjn] JoflKt / k|f}9tfsf ;fy} kl/kfs ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] x'“bf ;du|df pgL Pp6f k|v/ k|ultjfbL r]t ePsf ;zQm sljsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . ¿kut b[li6n] klg pgsf] sljTjn] km'6s/ sljtfaf6 dfly pSn“b} v08sfJofTds demf}nf ¿kaf6 dxfsfJo;Ddsf] ofqf u/]sf] 5 .

        o;/L ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ¿kn] klg dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvPsf Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf sljtf–sfJox¿sf af/]df h]–hlt rrf{–kl/rrf{ / cWoog x'g'kg]{ xf] Tolt ePsf] 5}g . pgsf af/]df zª\s/s'df/ /fodfemLn] :gftsf]Q/ txdf u/]sf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj;DaGwL zf]wsfo{ g} xfn;Ddsf] Jojl:yt cWoog xf] t/ of] klg ck|sflzt cj:yfd}+ /x]sf]n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L / pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm slj a}/fuL h]7fåf/f ;Dkflbt k':ts / ;fKtflxs kqklqsfdf s]xL ljåfg\åf/f ul/Psf ;fdfGo kl/rofTds l6Kk0fLafx]s cGo Jojl:yt cWoogx¿ pknAw 5}gg\ . k|:t't cfn]vdf oxL ;d:ofnfO{ b[li6uf]r/ u/L slj Gof}kfg]sf af/]df k|sfz kfg]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . oBlk o; 5f]6f] cfn]vdf klg pgsf ;du| s[ltTjsf] ljljw sf]0faf6 cWoog–ljZn]if0f / d"Nof°g k|:t't ug'{ ;Dej 5}g . kl/rofTds ;+lIfKt k|:t'lt g} o; cfn]vsf] klg ;Ldf xf] . oxL ;Ldfdf af“lwP/ tnsf pkzLif{sdf Gof}kfg]sf] hLjgj[Q / sljtfofqfsf af/]df l;+xfjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 .

@=   Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] hLjgj[Q /
s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw ;

        lj=;+= !((% h]7 # ut] nlntk'/sf] rfkfufp“df lktf 6Lsf/fd Gof}kfg] / dftf ?b|efufb]jLsf sf]vaf6 hGd]sf slj Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] b]xfj;fg bdsf] /f]usf sf/0f @)^) ;fn df3 & ut] eof] . hLjgsf hDdf ^% j;Gt dfq ef]Ug kfPsf Gof}kfg]sf] ;[hgofqfsf] k|f/De ljBfyL{ cj:yf cyjf @)!(÷@) ;fnaf6 eO{ hLjgko{Gt /x]sfn] pgsf] hDdfhDdL l;h{g cjlw $) jif{sf] b]lvg cfp“5 . o; cjlwdf /lrt sljtf–sfJox¿sf] cjnf]sg ubf{ pgsf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, u|fdL0f ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf / hLjg kl/j]zn] dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg l;h{gfdf To; ;h{ssf hLjg ef]ufOsf] k|ToIf k|efj k5{ g} . /rgfsf/n] ef]u]sf] / cg'e"t u/]sf] oyfy{ g} To; ;dfhsf hLjgsf] ;femf oyfy{ x'G5 / ToxL g} /rgfsf] klg oyfy{ eP/ k|s6 x'G5 . slj Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf ;Gbe{df klg of] s'/f nfu" x'G5 . Gof}kfg]sf] hGd lgDgdWodjuL{o ufp“n] ls;fg kl/jf/df x'g', pgsf afa' ufp“sf uGodfGo, wfld{s ;'wf/jfbL / :jfledfgL JolQmTj x'g', u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] b'Mv–¿v / lk/dsf{nfO{ ;fg}b]lv cg'e"t ug'{, ljBfyL{ sfndf cfgf cu|h ;fyLx¿ >Ls07 kf]v/]n, Clif/fd kf]v/]n / e}/j l/;fnaf6 dfS;{jfbL bz{g k9\g] / To;tkm{ em'sfj /fVg] k|]/0ff k|fKt ug'{ / /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnfdf /x]/ ;+:s[t 5fq;+3sf] ;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]sf] cj:yfdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;+:yfks dxf;lrj k'iknfn;“usf] ;Dks{ k|fKt ug{' h:tf s'/fn] Clif/fdnfO{ qmflGtsf/L, /fi6«jfbL, kl/jt{gsfdL k|ultzLn Pj+ k|ultjfbL slj agfof] eg] pgn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:s[t lzIff / sljtf–sfJosf] k|efjn] pgsf /rgfdf efj–efiff / z}nLdf dw'/tf / nflnTo el/lbof] . ;“u;“u} efg'eQm, n]vgfy, b]jsf]6f / l3ld/]sf] k|efj ylk+bf pgL l;4x:t 5Gbf]a4 slj klg x'gk'u] . @$ jif{;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]/ e"ld;'wf/ dGqfnosf] pk;lrj;Dd ePsf Gof}kfg] cToGt} st{Jok/fo0f, :jfledfgL / Odfgbf/ JolQm b]lvG5g\ . @)@! ;fn sflt{s @) ut] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfoj ;'Aaf kbdf lgo'lQm lnP/ 3/ k:bf pgsf lktfn]– æof] b}nf]leq ck/fwsf] k};fn] k|j]z gu/f];\Æ eGg] lzIff lbPsf / cfkm" klg nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] æxftsf d}nf ;'gsf y}nf s] ug'{ wgn], ;fu/ / l;:g' vfPsf] j]; cfgGbL dgn]Æ eGg] cfbz{nfO{ cg'z/0f ug]{ JolQm ePsfn] pgn] slxNo} klg hflu/af6 cg'lrt kmfObf lnPsf] b]lvGg / clxn] klg pgsf] kfl/jfl/s cfly{s cj:yf lgDg dWod ljQLo g} /x]sf] a'lemG5 -/fodfemL, @)%*M!!_ . cfgf] cfbz{ / lgi7fdf ;w}“ cl8u /xg] Gof}kfg]n] e"ld;''wf/ clwsf/Lsf] kbdf /x]/ g]kfnsf ljleGg lhNnfdf sfo{/t /x“bf k|bz{g u/]sf] sfo{z}nL, Jojxf/ / cfr/0fsf sf/0f pgL hxf“ klg k|z+l;t g} ePsf] b]lvG5g\ . oxL cfbz{sf sf/0f pgn] df]xL / hUufwgLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lnP/ ‘kl/0ffd’ sfJo n]v]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf k|foh;f] sljtf–sfJodf lgDgjuL{o hLjg Pj+ Tofu / alnbfgsf] lrq0f x'g'df klg pgsf] oxL ljrf/ / cf/De efjn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5“b}5 . ‘cd/ efjgf’, ‘cd/ z'qm’, ‘d'lQmsf d'6'’ / ‘k'ikf~hln’ sfJox¿ oxL cfbz{efjsf pRr cleJo~hgf x'g\ .

        ljBfyL{ hLjgkl5 nuQ} s]xL ;do;Dd lzIff k];fdf / To;kl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf Clif/fdsf] hflu/] hLjgel/ s'g} lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts ;Dks{ ePg . pgL hxf“–hxf“ k'u] Toxf“ pgn] ;flxlTos ;Dks{ / lqmofzLn x'g] cj;/ g} k|fKt u/] . g]kfnsf lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{sf e]ux¿sf] a;fO / ef]ufOn] pgdf cg]sf}}+ k|sf/sf cg'ejx¿ k|fKt x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . af/f / df]/ªsf] a;fO pgsf lglDt a9\tf k|]/0ff:kb /x]sf] 5 . 8f]Nkfsf] k|s[ltn] pb\j]lnt agfp“bf ‘j;Gt / lj/xL’ sfJo hGDof] eg] jf/f / df]/ªsf ;flxTosdL{x¿;“usf] ;Dks{df /x“bf ‘lk|otd’ / ‘ljho>L’ clg ‘kl/0ffd’ sfJox¿ hGd] . pgsf pQ/fw{sf sljtf– sfJox¿ eg] hflu/] hLjgaf6 :jtGq ePkl5sf j}rfl/s cf:yf, ljZjf; / b[9tfsf kl/0ffd x'g\ .

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg]n] sljtf n]Vg yfn]sf] a]nf Ps lsl;dsf] k|lts"n /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / sflJos jftfj/0f lyof] . d'n'sdf /fhgLlts :jtGqtf / dfgjLo cl:dtfsf] 3f“6L lgdf]l7Psf] a]nf ePsfn] oltv]/ sljx¿ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts s'07f Pj+ lg/fzf / of}gnfO{ ljifoj:t' agfO{ cjr]tg dgsf] cd"t{ n]vg ub}{ lyP . lj;·t hLjg–hut\sf] lrq0f tyf ljDa / k|tLsx¿sf] y'k|f] nufpgdf g} cfgf] >]i7tf 7fGg] c;Dk|]io uB sljtfwf/fsf] af]nafnf /x]sf] o; cj:yfdf k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] ;[hgsfo{df klg lzlyntf cfPsf] lyof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k|fb'ef{jkl5sf s]xL jif{df s7f]/ lg/+s'z /fhgLlts kl/kf6L /x]sf] clg ToxL ;/sf/sf] e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L Clif/fd Gof}kfg] /x]sf / ljBfyL{ hLjgdf kfPsf] jfdkGyL /fhgLlts ;Dks{ / ;DaGw klg 6'6\g uPsfn] Gof}kfg]sf k"jf4{sf klg k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf /rgfx¿ k|ultjfbL x'g ;s]gg\ . ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] ;~r]tgf, /fi6«jfbL :j/ / b]zelQmsf] cleJo~hgf x'“bfx'“b} klg juL{o b[li6 / lrGtgsf] cefj ltgdf v8\lsG5 . s]xL ;do;Dd t Gof}kfg] cfkm}+ cndndf k/]sf] b]lvG5g\ . cfgf] cfbz{, rl/q / kl/jt{gsf] rfxgfnfO{ tTsfnLg k~rfotL kl/j]zaf6} cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 ls eGg] klg pgnfO{ nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] WjGofTds cleJolQm @)@# ;fndf n]lvPsf] ‘j;Gt / lj/xL’ sfJo xf] . k"jf{4{df /x]sf] lrGtg c:ki6tfsf] pbfx/0f ‘;kgfsf] ;';]nL’df ;ª\slnt ‘d]/f] ;kgf’ sljtf klg xf] t/ o; lsl;dsf] c:ki6tf / cndn la:tf/} x6\b} uO{ k"jf{4{s} pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf cfOk'u]kl5 eg] Gof}kfg] /fli6«o cl:dtf / cl:tTjsf] tLj|t/ af]wsf ;fy juL{o kIfw/tfsf] ;fy ln+b} cufl8 a9\g yfn]kl5 k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] lgs6tfdf cfOk'u]sf] cg'ej x'G5 . @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng, hflu/] hLjgdf cfPsf] kl/kSjtf / :yflkt cGo ;flxTosf/x¿;“usf] ;Dks{ / pTsif{df k'u]sf]] k|ultjfbL wf/fsf] cWoog cflb 36gfn] pgsf] efj / ljrf/sf] k|:t'ltdf ;zQmtf ylkPsf] 5 eg] @)$% ;fndf hflu/] hLjgaf6 cjsf; lnPkl5 / @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] ljZjf; / cf:yfdf clej[l4 u/]kl5sf pQ/f4{sf /rgfdf eg] k|v/ ¿kdf k|ultjfbL lrGtg b]vfk/]sf] 5 . Gof}kfg]sf] sfJoofqfsf] dfqfTds ljsf; / u'0ffTds kl/0fltsf kof{wf/ jf k|]/s ;Gbe{x¿ log} x'g\ . oxL kof{wf/sf k[i7e"lddf Gof}kfg]sf sljtf–sfJox¿ ;[lht 5g\ .

        hLjgsf rfnL; j;Gt g]kfnL ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4df nufP/ dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]jfkt pgnfO{ ljleGg ;+3;+:yfn] k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg klg k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ @)$# ;fndf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ldlt lj/f6gu/n] pTs[i6 zf]ssfJo, ‘ljho>L’ n]v]jfkt ‘ljho>L k'/:sf/’, @)%) df dª\sfvn sf7df8f}+n] ‘cd/z'qm’ sfJo n]vL k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPafkt ‘;]jf k'/:sf/’, @)%# df k|ultjfbL g]kfnL ;flxTodf pTs[i6 of]ubfg lbPjfkt ;flxTo ;GWof sf7df8f}+n] ‘;flxTo ;GWof k'/:sf/’, @)%# d} g]kfnL ;flxTodf pNn]Vo of]ubfg u/]jfkt ah|jf/fxL ;flxlTos ;d"xåf/f clegGbg, @)%& df k'iknfn :d[lt– k|lti7fgåf/f ‘k'ikf~hln’ dxfsfJo n]v]jfkt ;Ddfg / @)%( ;fndf /fli6«o hg;f+:s[lts d~råf/f clegGbg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/ /fVb} ljrf/ / Jojxf/df ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ :jfledfgL, Odfgbf/ / cfTdljZjf;L Clif/fd Gof}kfg]af6 c¿n] l;Sg] s'/f klg log} x'g\ .

#= Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] sljtfofqf / k|j[lQ

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] sljtfofqfsf] cf}krfl/s yfngL @)@) ;fn ebf} ! ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ‘;fyL a;f}+ ;fydf’ sljtfaf6 ePsf] xf] . oBlk pgn] @)!( ;fnaf6} sljtf n]Vg yfn]sf x'g\ -P]M @!_ . n]vgsf b[li6n] pgsf] bf];|f] sljtf ‘kfof} ltd|f] xs’ -@)@%_ rflx+ klxnf] xf] eg] klxnf] ‘;fyL a;f}+ ;fydf’ rflx“ bf];|f] xf] . o;kl5 pgn] cfgf] sljtfofqfnfO{ hLjgko{Gt -@)^)_ g} lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . ;flxTo;fwgfsf] o; rfnL; jif]{ cjlwdf pgsf tLgj6f syf / tLgj6f n]v dfq sljtf ljwfOt/sf /rgf k|sflzt 5g\ . af“sL !( j6f s[ltx¿ sljtf ljwf g} ePsfn] pgsf] ;[hgfsf] d"n If]q sljtf g} xf] . sljtfdf klg km'6s/ ¿kb]lv dxfsfJo;Ddsf] ;[hgf u/]/ Gof}kfg]n] cfgf] lj/f6\ ;[hgzLn JolQmTjsf] kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . pgsf ;du| /rgfx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ sljtfofqfsf k"jf{4 / pQ/f4{ u/L b'O{ r/0f b]vfk5{g\ . hflu/] hLjgaf6 d'Qm @)$^ ;fnkl5sf] kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf lgeL{stfsf ;fy pgn] h'g lsl;dsf] cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\, o;n] sljtfofqfsf] j}rfl/s df]8nfO{ :ki6 /]vfª\lst u/]sf] 5 . sljTj l;l4 pgsf] k"jf{4{sf] pQj{tL{ r/0fd} k|fKt eO;s]sf] eP tfklg o; cjlwdf pgL lg/k]If /fi6«jfb / ;fdfGo dfgjtfjfbs} tx;Dd dfq k'Ug ;kmn 5g\ eg] pQ/f4{df rflx“ ;j{xf/f dfgjtfjfb / k|ultjfbL /fi6«jfbsf tx;Dd k'Ug ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . k"jf{{4{sf klg k"j{jtL{ r/0fdf eGbf pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf j}rfl/s b[li6n] lgs} dfly p7]sf x'gfn] /fodfemLn] o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL pgsf] sfJofoqfnfO{ tLg r/0fdf af“8]sf] b]lvG5
-P]=_ . k"jf{4{sf] pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf dfS;{jfbk|ltsf] k"0f{ lgi7f / k|lta4tf Pj+ To; cg's"nsf] efjjf]w geP klg cfnf]rgfTds jf k|ultzLn ;fdflhs r]t jf qmflGt / ljb|f]x pgsf /rgfdf kfOG5 eg] k"j{jtL{ r/0fdf Tof] klg geP/ cndn–cndn g} /x]sf] / stf–stf k|ltw|'jLo wf/fdf hfg vf]h]sf] cfef; klg kfOG5 clg ;du| sljtfofqfsf] pQ/f4{ -@)$& kl5_df rflx“ pgL dfS;{jfbk|ltsf] k"0f{ lgi7fsf ;fy /rgfsd{df nfu]sf] x'gfn] pgsf] sljtfofqfnfO{ j:t';Tosf cfwf/df lgDg lnlvt b'O{ efudf af“8]/ cWoog ug'{ a9\tf k|f;l·s b]lvG5 .

-s_ sljtfofqfsf] k"jf{4{ -@)@) b]lv @)$^ ;fn;Dd_

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] sljtfofqfsf] k"jf{4{ k|f/Deb]lv @)$^ ;fndf k|sflzt ‘cd/z'qm’ sfJo;Ddsf] cjlw xf] . o; cjlwdf pgn] ljleGg zLif{sdf %% j6f km'6s/ sljtfsf ;fy} ‘;kgfsf] ;';]nL’ -@)$)_ sljtf–;ª\u|x / ‘j;Gt / lj/xL’ -n]vg @)@#, k|sfzg @)#$_, ‘lk|otd’ -@)#^_, ‘cd/efjgf’ -@)$!_, ‘kl/0ffd’ -@)$@_, ‘ljho>L’ -@)$#_, ‘cfTdaf]w’ -@)$$_ / ‘cd/z'qm’ -@)$^_ cflb v08sfJofTds demf}nf ¿ksf] ;[hgf u/]sf 5g\ . o; cjlwnfO{ klg k||j[lQsf b[li6n] @)#^ k"j{ / kZrft\ u/L ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

        k"jf{4{sf] k"j{jtL{ r/0f cyjf @)#^ k"j{sf] cjlwdf Gof}kfg]sf ‘;fyL a;f}+ ;fydf’, ‘kfof}+ ltd|f] xs’, ‘gof“ j;Gtsf] ;b\efjgf’, ‘Ps c+z’, ‘hf]uL’ / ‘lk|otdfnfO{’ zLif{ssf km'6s/ sljtf / cl3Nnf b'O{ v08sfJo kb{5g\ . o; r/0fsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿ ‘o'un lxdfn’, ‘dflnªuf]’, ‘ef/tL’, ‘d"n9f]sf’, ‘k|ltlglw’ cflb kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . pgsf] klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf ‘;fyL a;f}+ ;fydf’ @)@) ;fndf nfu" ePsf] ‘d'n'sL P]g’nfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ To;sf] v'l;ofnLdf n]lvPsf] sljtf xf] . Gof}kfg]df ;fg}b]lv 5'jf5"tlj/f]wL efjgf hfu[t lyof] . pgL hftLo ;dfgtfsf kIfkftL lyP t/ pgdf To;a]nf juL{o r]tgf / /fhgLlts :ki6tf eg] lyPg eGg] s'/f o; sljtfn] b]vfp“5 . ‘d'n'sL P]g’ nfu" x'g] ePkl5 hftkft / 5'jf5"t x6\g] eof] eGg] ljZjf; pgn] u/] / ‘===xfdL O{Zj/sf ;dfg ;'t xf}+ xfdL ;a} afGwj, ;f“rf] ef] ca j]bsf] klg s'/f] g]kfn xf“:of] ha’=== em'NSof] Hof]lt oxf“ gof“ ls/0fsf] g]kfnsf ;fydf’ eGg] cleJolQm u/] . bf];|f] sljtf ‘kfof} ltd|f] xs’ -@)@%_ n] klg e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] ;dy{gdf cledt k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .

        ‘j;Gt / lj/xL’ -@)@#_ pgsf] klxnf] dfemf}nf sfJo xf] . of] pgL hflu/] eO{ 8f]Nkfdf k'u]sf] a]nf 8f]NkfnL k|s[lt–;f}Gbo{af6 k|efljt eO{ n]lvPsf] k|s[ltsfJo xf] . ;+:s[tsf k|s[ltsfJo / n]vgfysf] Ct'ljrf/af6 ;d]t k|]/0ff k|fKt u/]sf Gof}kfg]n] o; sfJodf jf;GtL ;f}Gbo{sf] j0f{gsf qmddf dfgjLo hLjgsf k|]d, lj/x / Joyfsf] lrq0f ub}{ k|s[lt / dfgjhLhgsf aLr tfbfTDo ;DaGw /x]sf] :jR5GbtfjfbL r]tnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o;df 8f]Nkfsf] cfsfz, jg, kxf8, vf]nfgfnf, jg:ktL, k'zkG5L / df};dL ;Gbe{ cflbsf] lrq0f 5 . >[ª\ufl/s efjsf ;fy k|s[ltsf j:t';f}Gbo{nfO{ l6Kb} ltgnfO{ cfTdk/s efj/fudf d'5]/ JoQm ul/Psf] o; sfJodf ;"Id syfgs /x]sf] 5 . j+z:y 5Gbsf #)$ Znf]sdf lj:tfl/t o; sfJon] WjGofTds ¿kdf k~rfotnfO{ j;Gt / To;df gnfUg]x¿nfO{ lj/xLsf ¿kdf lnPsf] cy{ nufp“b} Gof}kfg]n] o;df ;a}nfO{ k~rfotLtGqnfO{ ;dy{g u/]/ d"n k|jfxdf nfUg cfJxfg u/]sf] b]]lvG5 eGg] ;dLIfs -kf}8\ofn, @)$(M !#% / lu/L, @)%# M ^_x¿sf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . o;df pgn] 7fp“–7fp“df qmflGtsf] s'/f u/] klg æ5 dfq Pp6f lbn /fi6«efjgf ;ju{ ;+3if{ljgf ;dGjoÆ eg]/ ju{;+3if{af6 xf]Og, ju{;dGjos} dfWodaf6 /fi6« agfpg ;lsg] ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] hflu/] /x]sf Gof}kfg] oL sfJos[ltdf ;/sf/L clws[t sljeGbf dfly p7\g g;s]s} b]lvG5 . juL{o b[li6 / /fhgLlts ;r]ttfsf] cefj t 5“b}5, sljTj / ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] klg oL k|f/lDes :t/s} b]lvG5g\ .

        o;kl5sf] pgsf] bf];|f] sfJo ‘lk|otd’ xf] . pgL jf/f lhNnfdf sfo{/t /x]sf a]nf n]lvPsf] o; sfJodf eg] ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:t't u/L gf/L:jtGqtfsf kIfdf jsfnt ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] sfJodf eGbf o;df pgsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ w]/} dfly p7]sf] 5 . o;df kl/jf/ 5f]8]/ k/b]l;Psf] ‘Hjfnf’nfO{ p;sL kTgL ‘5fof“’sf] cbDo ;fx; / c7f]6 Pj+ el/ofx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 3/ kmsf{OPsf] 5 . o;df 5nL–if8\oGqsf/Lx¿sf] lj/f]w ub}{ >ldsx¿sf kIfdf nfu]/ cGofo–cTofrf/sf lj/f]wdf p7\g klg pTk|]l/t ul/Psf] 5 . zfb"{n ljqmLl8t 5Gbsf !#$ Znf]sdf ;+/lrt k|tLsfTds kfq, ;+jfbfTds z}nL / ;fdflhs cfVofg /x]sf] of] sfJo ljrf/ / efjsf ;fy} v08sfJofTds k|ljlwsf b[li6n] ;d]t cl3Nnf] sfJoeGbf ;an b]lvG5 . o;n] @)#^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug'{sf ;fy} gf/LnfO{ d"n rl/qsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/L p;sf] dlxdf klg ufPsf] 5 .

        @)#& ;fnkl5 eg] Gof}kfg]sf] sfJoofqfsf] k"jf{4{sf] pQ/jtL{ r/0f ;'? x'G5 . @)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 pT;flxt ePsf Gof}kfg]df o;kl5 k|ultzLn efjgf / /fi6«jfbL r]t k|v/ ¿kdf b]lvg yfNb5 . @)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngkl5 klg d"n ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts oyfy{ Pp6} /x] klg k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ cfGbf]ngn] hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] hgcbfntdf pEofPsfn] s]xL dfqfdf eP klg af}l4s hgdfg;nfO{ To;n] cu|ufdL ;+3if{sf lglDt pTk|]/0ff k|bfg u¥of] . o;kl5 Gof}kfg] klg ;fdflhs s'?k oyfy{sf lj?4df snd rnfpg yfn] . o; pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf pgsf $% j6f km'6s/ sljtf, Pp6f sljtf–;ª\u|x / kf“rj6f v08sfJo k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . @)#& ;fndf pgL sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;?jf eP / @)#( ;fndf pk;lrjdf a9'jf klg eP . To;kl5 dxf]Q/L, af“s] / l;/fxf x'“b} lj/f6gu/ cflb ;'ud If]qdf sfo{/t /x“bf pgsf] ;flxlTos lqmofzLntf cem} a9\of] .

        @)$) ;fndf pgsf] ‘;kgfsf] ;';]nL’ #^ j6f kB sljtfx¿sf] ;ª\sng k|sflzt eof] . o;df k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf ;d]t sljtf ;d]l6Psfn] efj, ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf lx;fan] ;a} sljtf ;dfg :t/sf 5}gg\ . o;df k/]sf s]xL sljtf k|ultzLn dfGotf aflx/sf klg 5g\ eg] s]xL lgtfGt j}olQms klg 5g\ . æ==k'iksf] gfddf kftL s] 6qm\ofp“ k|hfklt < ;kgf /ftsf] d]/f] r9fp“5' ;d:t tLÆ -d]/f] ;kgf, k[= @^_ eg]/ ;fdGtL :t'ltjfbL ljrf/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf sljtfb]lv lnP/ cu|udgtkm{sf] cfzfjfbLtf / ;+3if{sf lj?4df n]lvPsf sljtf klg o;df 5g\ . @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt;ª\u|xkl5 ax'bn cfpnf eg]/ cfzf u/]sf sljn] Tof] k|fKt gePkl5 æJoy}{ ‘u/]’ :jfut Tof] piffsf], cem} 5 cft° cxf] lgzfsf]Æ -jfbnn] 5f]Kof], &_ eg]/ o;df lg/fzf klg k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . t/ of] pgsf] d"n k|j[lQ rflx“ xf]Og, o;n] pgnfO{ k|ultzLn– k|ultjfbL lsQfdf :ki6tfsf ;fy gpEofpg] dfq xf] . o;df k/]sf clwsf+z sljtfx¿ ;fdflhs zf]if0f, bdg / cGofosf lj?4df n]lvPsf g} kfOG5g\ . æca lnG5' gof“ ult zlQmx¿ ta 6]St5' d} vnsf lz/dfÆ -;a} uof], @!_ h:tf sljtf n]v]/ ;du|df eg] pgn] cfkm"nfO{ cu|udgsf kIfdf g} pEofPsf 5g\ . o;df k/]sf ‘cltrf/ ef] Jolerf/ ef]’, ‘kf}/vsf] ky’, ‘;lxbk|lt’, ‘tLg 6'qmf’, ‘;b\efjgf’, ‘;a} uof]’ h:tf sljtfn] pgnfO{ Gofok"0f{ / ultzLn ;dfhsf] /rgf ug]{ k|ultzLn sljsf ¿kdf g} kl/lrt u/fPsf 5g\ .

        o; r/0fdf k|sflzt pgsf v08sfJofTds demf}nf ¿k x'g\– ‘cd/efjgf’ -@)$!_, ‘kl/0ffd’ -@)$@_, ‘ljho>L’ -@)$#_, ‘cfTdaf]w’ -@)$$_ / ‘cd/z'qm’ -@)$^_ . oLdWo] ‘cd/efjgf’ / ‘cfTdaf]w’ kf}/fl0fs, ‘cd/z'qm’ P]ltxfl;s tyf ‘ljho>L’ / ‘kl/0ffd’ ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t sfJo x'g\ . ‘cd/ efjgf’n] cledGo'sf] syf k|;·sf dfWodaf6 b]zelQmsf] efjgf k|s6 ub}{ tTsfnLg /fHo;Qfsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{ / klnbfg x'g ;d]t cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 . o;df @)#^ ;fnkl5 ljsl;t ;Qf /fhgLlts kl/j]znfO{ rqmJo"xsf ¿kdf lnO{ cledGo'h:tf qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;dfKt kf/] klg qmflGt g/f]lsg] c7f]6 JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . cg'i6'k 5Gbsf @(@ Znf]sdf lj:tfl/t efjgfsf] cfVofgLs/0f ug{ ;kmn o; sfJodf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] k|v/ cleJolQm 5 .

        pgsf] rf}yf] demf}nf sfJo ‘kl/0ffd’ lj/f6gu/df /x“bf–a:bf n]lvPsf] xf] . of] tTsfnLg g]kfn ls;fg ;+u7gsf] cg'/f]wdf n]lvPsf] s[lif;d:ofdf cfwfl/t sfJo xf] . o;n] hUufwgL / df]xLsf ;d:ofnfO{ k|:t't ub}{ df]xLdfly ePsf] zf]if0f / pTkL8gnfO{ b]vfO{ s[lifIf]qdf ul/Psf tyfslyt ;'wf/x¿ klg hldGbf/s} kIfdf x'g] u/]sf] oyfy{ / e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] b]zdf s'g} of]ubfg k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . zfb"{n ljqmLl8t 5Gbsf !$$ Znf]sdf ;+/lrt o; sfJodf s[lifsf] j}1flgsLs/0f x'g'kg]{ tyf hUufwgL / df]xLsf aLrsf ;d:ofx¿ x6\g'kg]{ wf/0ff JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .

        ‘ljho>L’ c7f/ jif{s} pd]/df d[To'j/0f u/]sL lj/f6gu/s} Pp6f 9'·fgf kl/jf/sL afnfsf] d[To'zf]sdf cfwfl/t sfJo xf] . cfkm"nfO{ gk/]sf] zf]sdf klg ;+j]lbt eO{ ;fwf/0fLs[t x'g;Sg] Gof}kfg]n] o; sfJodf ;'g]s} 36gfsf cfwf/df klg cGtd'{vL efjfj]usf] ljJxntfnfO{ ;zQm ¿kdf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . j}olQms ljifoj:t' eP klg zf]sefjsf] ;fwf/0fLs/0fsf b[li6n] of] ;kmn sfJo xf] . zfb"{n ljqmLl8t / cGTodf lzvl/0fL 5GnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ !%$ Znf]sdf ;+/lrt of] sfJo s?0f /;n] cf]tk|f]t 5 / sfJosnfsf b[li6n] klg ;zQm 5 .

        ‘cfTdjf]w’ klg kf}/fl0fs ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t sfJo xf] . o;df cfdf ljb'nfn] lbUe|ldt ePsf 5f]/f ;~honfO{ b]zelQmsf] ;Gb]z lbP/ cfTdaf]w u/fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . ljb'nfsf pkb]zdf sljsf] /fi6«elQm d'vl/t ePsf] 5 . o;n] tTsfnLg /fHo;Qfsf lj?4df ;+3if{ ug{ / /fi6«sf] cv08tf / :jtGqtfsf ;fy} /fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstfsf kIfdf bl/nf];“u pleg klg cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 . >[ª\vnf k|sfzgåf/f k|sflzt b]zk|]dn] el/Psf] o; sfJodf ljljw zf:qLo nosf] k|of]u 5 eg] sljTj klg plQs} ;zQm 5 .

        @)$^ ;fndf >[ª\vnf k|sfzgåf/f g} k|sflzt ‘cd/z'qm’ ;lxb z'qm/fh zf:qLsf hLjgsyfdf cfwfl/t sfJo xf] . hflu/] hLjgaf6 d'Qm ePkl5 n]lvPsf] Gof}kfg]sf] o; sfJodf tTsfnLg /f0ffx¿sf] cGofo, cTofrf/ / To;sf lj?4 z'qm/fh zf:qLn] u/]sf] ljb|f]x / jlnbfgnfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] /fi6«sf] uf}/j / dxŒjnfO{ k|:t't ub}{ /fli6«o :jtGqtf / b]zelQmsf kIfdf cfjfh p7fPsf] 5 . cg'i6'k 5Gbsf hDdf #$$ Znf]sdf ;+/lrt of] sfJo klg v08sfJofTds k|ljlw / sljTjsf b[li6n] k|flKtk"0f{ g} 5 .

        o;/L k"jf{4{df ;fdflhstf, b]zelQm, /fi6«jflbtf / k|ultzLntfsf kIfdf pleP/ slj Gof}kfg]n] ljljw ljifo / z}nLsf sljtf–sfJox¿ n]v]sf 5g\ . k"jf{4{sf] k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf /rgfx¿ cfDofl;s :t/s} b]lvP klg pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf eg] efj, efiff / z}nLdf kl/isf/ /xg'sf ;fy} snfTdstf / gjLgtf klg e]l6G5 . 5Gbljwfgdf, efjljGof;df, kbof]hgfdf / lzNk–;+/rgfdf slj Clif/fdsf] ;fdYo{ oxL cjlwsf sljtf–sfJodf g} k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5 / o;}sf] lg/Gt/tf g} pQ/f4{df klg /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ sljtfofqfsf] pQ/f4{ -@)$& ;fnb]lv @)^) ;Dd_

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] sljtfofqfsf] pQ/f4{ @)$& ;fnaf6 otf d[To'ko{Gtsf] cjlw xf] . pgn] dfS;{jfbL hLjg–bz{gnfO{ c+ufnL :jtGq / pGd'Qm eO{ n]Vg yfn]kl5 pgsf] n]vgdf klg ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL lrGtgn]] k|j]z kfPsf] 5 . o; cjlwdf pgsf /rgfdf ;fdflhs cGtlj{/f]wsf] :ki6 cleJolQm /xg'sf ;fy} juL{o b[li6 / r]tgf klg k|v/ ¿kdf lelqPsf] 5 . o; a]nf Psflt/ pgL hflu/] hLjgaf6 km'Ssf ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf{lt/ @)$^ ;fnkl5sf] :jtGq kl/j]zn] klg n]vgdf cg's"ntf yk]sf] 5 . k|ultjfbL slj–;flxTosf/x¿sf ;fy} /fhgLlts kf6L{;“usf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGwn] klg pgnfO{ lglb{i6 nIotkm{ 8f]¥ofof] / pgL o; cjlwdf k|lta4 n]vgdf nfu] . o;kl5 pgL k"jf{4{df em}+ b]zelQm, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / dfgjLo cl:tTjsf kIfdf dfq xf]Og, pTkL8g / zf]if0fdf cl8Psf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] cGTo / To;af6 b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm clg ;'Gb/ ;+;f/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df b[9tfsf ;fy nfu] . o; cjlwsf] j}lzi6\o / k|flKt klg oxL g} xf] .

        Gof}kfg]sf] sljtfofqfsf]] pQ/f4{ @)$& ;fn h]7 @( ut]sf] dft[e"ld ;fKtflxsdf k|sflzt ‘Hjfnf 5g\ dgdf’ sljtfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 -/fodfemL, P] M @^_ . o;kl5 pgsf ljleGg kqklqsfdf s}of}+ km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf ;fy} ‘d'lQmsf d'6'’ -@)%)_, ‘nfnL’ -@)%#_, ‘ljhosf af“;'/L’ -@)%#_ v08sfJo / ‘k'ikf~hln’
-@)%&_ dxfsfJo k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . bdsf] /f]uaf6 kLl8t eP/ cf]5\ofg k/]sf cj:yfdf ;d]t /rgfsd{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf slj Gof}kfg]n] o; cjlwdf n]v]sf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf rf/j6f sljtf–;ªu|x– ‘v'nfkq’, ‘hgtfsf] cfjfh’, ‘sljtfsf] 6°f/’ / ‘em\ofp/]sf] em°f/’ clg ‘sljtf’ ‘kl/jt{g’ / ‘/ftfdfG5]’ gfds tLgj6f dxfsfJox¿ ck|sflzt cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

        o; cjlwdf /lrt ‘d'lQmsf d'6'’ Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] cf7f}+ / bf];|f] zf]ssfJo xf] . o;df hgg]tf dbg e08f/L / hLj/fh cfl>tsf] @)%) h]7 # ut] ePsf] bf;9'+uf xTofsf08af6 pb\j]lnt x'“b} g]tfåonfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ pgLx¿sf hLjg / sd{nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cfgf zf]sefjnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . e08f/L / cfl>tsf hLjgufyf, pgLx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf] d'lQmcfGbf]ng Pj+ /fhgLlts–;fdflhs åGå / if8\oGq cflb cg]s kIfsf] lrq0f o;df ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf g]tfåonfO{ d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf d'6'sf ¿kdf k|:t't u/L pgLx¿sf] ef}lts b]xsf] ljgf; u/] klg ljrf/ / cf:yfnfO{ dfg{ g;Sg] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] cjnDag u/]s} dfu{af6 Ps lbg ;'Gb/ ;+;f/sf] ;[hgf eO5f8\g] c7f]6 / ljZjf; klg JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . nf]snodf ;+/lrt sf?l0fs efjnfO{ ;f}o{efjdf pbfQLs[t u/L ;fwf/0fLs/0f ug{ ;kmn of] sfJo zf]ssfJo k/Dk/fdf yk pknlAw t x'“b} xf] of] g]kfnL /fhgLlts If]qdf 36]sf] Oltxf;sf] Pp6f b:tfj]h klg xf] .

        pQ/f4{df ‘nfnL’ / ‘ljhosf af“;'/L’ klg ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ljifoj:t' af]s]sf sfJo x'g\ . ‘nfnL’df Pp6L qmflGtsf/L dlxnfsf] hLjgrl/qnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] ‘ljhosf af“;'/L’df klg To:t} Pp6f qmflGtsf/L o'jssf dfWodaf6 qmflGt / kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf d'vl/t ul/Psf] 5 . @)$^ ;fnkl5 klg qmflGt / kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] af]wsf ;fy n]lvPsf oL sfJox¿df Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf lglDt qmflGt ug'{kg]{ lgisif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . slj ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf b]lvPsf ljs[lt / lj;·lt;“u kl/lrt /x]sfn] oyfl:yltk|lt lrQ a'emfp“b}gg\ / æljhosf jf“;'/L’ sfJodf æb'MvLnfO{ c¿ b'Mv lbg] s] k|hftGq cfof]’ -k[i7 !@_ === æhf]ufO{ of] dw'do snf qmflGt Hjfnf hufO{, 55f}{+ af:gf dudu oxf“ ;fDotfsf ;hfO{Æ -k[i7 #&_ eg]/ qmflGtåf/f ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ c7f]6 JoQm ub{5g\ . dGbfqmfGtf 5Gbdf n]lvPsf oL b'j} sfJodf efj / ljrf/sf] hlt prfO 5, z}nL–lzNkdf klg TolQs} kl/isf/ / kl/dfh{g /x]sf] 5 .

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] pQ/f4{sf] pknlAw eg]sf] dxfsfJofTds ¿ksf] l;h{gf klg xf] . k'iknfnaf6 ljBfyL{ cj:yfd}+ k|efljt Gof}kfg]n] @)%@ ;fndf cfP/ pgsf] hLjgufyfdf cfwfl/t æk'ikf~hlnÆ dxfsfJo n]v] . o;df k'iknfnsf /fhgLlts, ;f+u7lgs sfo{nfO{ sfJofTds ¿k lbOPsf] 5 . k'iknfnsf hLjgLdf n's]sf sltko k|;·x¿sf] ;d]t pb\3f6g ug{ ;kmn ePaf6 Clif/fdnfO{ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf af/]df klxn]]b]lv g} /fd|f] 1fg lyof] eGg] cg'ej x'G5 . hDdf PsfO; ;u{df ;+/lrt of] dxfsfJo d"ntM nf]snodf cfwfl/t /x]sf] / sljTj / k|ljlwsf b[li6n] ;d]t ;kmn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] k|ultjfbL If]qsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sfJo t x'“b} xf], ;“u;“u} sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f b:tfj]h klg xf] . @)%@ ;fnd}+ n]lvPsf] eP klg of] sfJo @)%& ;fndf dfq k|sflzt eof] . )%^ ;fnk"j{ g} Gof}kfg]n] ‘sljtf’, dxfsfJo / @)%@ ;fnk"j{ g} ‘kl/jt{g’ dxfsfJo n]Vg yfn]sf] a'lemG5 eg] @)%( c;f}hsf] k|ltufdL sbdkl5 ‘/ftfdfG5]’ dxfsfJo n]v]sf] b]lvG5 . kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ‘/ftfdfG5]’sf sltko c+zx¿nfO{ cWoog ubf{ pgsf] k|ultjfbL r]t o;df ;zQm ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 . d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts s'¿k oyfy{sf lj?4 x'“sf/ ub}{ pgn] o; sfJodf pHofnf]nfO{ s;}n] klg 5]Sg g;Sg] x'“bf cGwsf/sf kIfdf pleg]n] cjZo klg xf/ vfg'kg]{ ljrf/nfO{ cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf pgsf :jb]z / ljb]zsf ljleGg kqklqsfdf u/L #* j6f sljtfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . oL sljtfx¿df klg pgn] ;dfhsf] ultzLn oyfy{nfO{ g} sYo agfp“b} cu|udg / kl/jt{gsf kIfdf k|v/ cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ . o;/L pQ/f4{sf] k|d'v ljz]iftf eg]sf] snfTds kl/isf/ / k|v/ j}rfl/stf g} xf] . sljTjl;l4 k"jf{4{d} k|fKt eO;s]sf] / oxf“ To;sf] lg/Gt/tf /x]sf] x'“bf o; cjlwsf] k|flKt eg]sf] k|d'v ¿kdf k|ultjflbtf jf ;dfhjfbL sfJosnf g} xf] .

$= lgisif{

        Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] sljtfofqfsf] pko'{Qm ;j]{If0ffTds cWoogaf6 ;du|df pgL Ps ljlzi6 k|ultjfbL ;fwssf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . k"jf{4{sf k"j{jtL{ r/0fdf j}rfl/s cndn /x] klg To;nfO{ kl/Tofu u/L qmdzM :ki6tf / pRrtf xfl;n ub}{ cfPsfn] pgdf ljrf/wf/fnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dxŒj lbg] k|j[lQ kfOG5 . pgsf sljtf sfJodf k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs, kf}/fl0fs, P]ltxfl;s cflb ljljw ljifosf] k|of]u /x]sf] 5 / pgn] sljtfsf] km'6s/ ¿kb]lv dxfsfJo;Ddd} lj:tfl/t ofqf klg u/]sf 5g\ . Gof}kfg]sf] /rgfsf] snfkIf d'VotM k"jL{o ;flxTozf:qåf/f k|]l/t / k|efljt /x]sf] 5 . pgn] jflif{s nf]snonfO{ k|of]u u/] klg pgsf] 5Gbl;l4 j0f{dflqs nod} /x]sf] 5 . ljljw zf:qLo 5Gb / cnª\sf/x¿sf] k|of]usf ;fy ;'dw'/ z}nLdf k|:t't pgsf sljtf–sfJox¿ 5Gbf]a4 g]kfnL sfJowf/fsf dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKt x'g\ . pgn] uB sljtfnfO{ eg] g5f]Ps} b]lvG5 . sljtfofqfsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} pgL j:t'Wjlgsf cltl/Qm laDa, cn°f/ / k|tLssf Jo~hgfsf ulx/fOtkm{ pGd'v x'“b} cfPsf kfOG5g\ . efiff–z}nLsf b[li6n] ;'?df b]jsf]6]nL k|efj eP klg ;du|df efgeQmLo ;/ntf / n]vgfyLo kl/is[ltnfO{ g} pgn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cToGt} ;xh, ;Dk|]io cf]h u'0fo'Qm sfJosljtfx¿ pgsf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] hflu/] eO{ dxŒjk"0f{ kb / :yfgdf /x]/ klg cfgf] lgi7f / cfbz{nfO{ slxNo} g5f]8\g] Odfgbf/ Pj+ :jfledfgL JolQmTj Gof}kfg]n] h:tf];'s} kl/l:ylt cfOk/] klg To;;“u ;fdgf ub}{ cfgf] ;[hgsd{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 . oxL lg/Gt/tfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfnL ;flxTon] ck|sflzt ;d]t u/L !( j6f sfJos[ltx¿ k|fKt u/]sfn] pgsf] of]ubfg / ;dli6 k|flKt klg o;}df lglxt 5 .

d'Vo ;Gbe{;"rL

– lu/L, hLj]Gb|b]j, -@)%#_, æslj Clif/fdsf sfJo lgofNbfÆ b[li6 -;f=_ -jif{ !#, c+s @$ j}zfv !*_ k[= ^

– h]7f, a}/fuL, -@)^)_, Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] hLjgL / ;|i6f–b|i6fsf ljrf/, sf7df8f}+ M /Ltf clwsf/L

– Gof}kfg] Clif/fd, -@)#$_, j;Gt / lj/xL, jf/f M dl0fs'df/ zdf{ 

– -@)#^_, lk|otd, jf/f M ;flxTo ;ldlt -k|ltlglw klqsfdf k|sflzt_

– -@)$)_, ;kgfsf] ?;]nL, nk' M s]bf/gfy / s]zjgfy Gof}kfg]

– -@)$!_, cd/ efjgf, nk' M hfgsL, uLtf / /Ltf Gof}kfg]

– -@)$@_, kl/0ffd, lj/f6gu/ M g]kfn ls;fg ;+u7g

– -@)$#_, ljho>L, lj/f6gu/ M g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ldlt

– -@)$$_, cfTdaf]w, sf7df8f}+ M >[ª\vnf k|sfzg

– -@)$^_, cd/z'qm, sf7df8f}+ M >[ª\vnf k|sfzg

– -@)%)_, d'lQmsf d'6', sf7df8f}+ M Pstf k|sfzg -k|f=_ln=

– -@)%#_, nfnL, nk' M Gof}kfg] k|sfzg

– -@)%#_, ljhosf] af“;'/L, nk' M Gof}kfg] k|sfzg

– -@)%&_, k'ikf~hln -dxfsfJo_, sf7 M k'iknfn :d[lt, k|lti7fg

– kf}8\ofn, /fdxl/ -@)$(_, efg'b]lv k|l>t;Dd, sf7df8f}+ M Pstf k|sfzg -k|f=_ln=

– kf}8]n, x]dgfy, -@)^)_, æk|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf M k[i7e"ld, k/Dk/f / k|j[lQÆ ≈o'dflgl6h PG8 ;f]l;on ;fOG;]; hg{n -ef] @, g+= @, /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk;_ k[= @$–#^

– /fodfemL, zª/s'df/, -@)%^_ Clif/fd Gof}kfg]sf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj, lq=lj=, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq

r

eL/ vf]Hg'x'G5 <

 ab|Lljzfn kf]v/]n

P xh'/ ⁄ afb{nLdf a;]/ tn lsg y'Sg'x'G5 <

a'O“undf n's]/ s]–s] tfgfafgf a'Gg'x'G5

3/df cfuf] nfu]sf] 5 af“;'/L ahfP/ lsg a:g'x'G5 <

aNbf] cfuf]df l3p lsg yKg'x'G5 <

of] a'9];sfndf lsg kf}7]hf]/L v]Ng tlD;g'x'G5 <

/fhdfu{ 5f8]/ lsg eL/ vf]Hg'x'G5 <

;qjif]{ pd]/ kmls{+b}g ;kgf gb]v] x'G5

lrKnf s'/f u/]/ cfkm}}“ lrKn“b} x'g'x'G5

;'l4 v':Sof] ls s;f] e]6\g vf]Hbf efUg'x'G5

yf]qf gf6sx¿ lsg bf]xf]¥ofpg' x'G5 <

;Dd af6f] 5f8]/ lsg eL/ vf]Hg'x'G5 <

xfd|} bfgfkfgLdf kflng' ef’5

xfdLn] g} agfOlbPsf] dxndf a:g'ef’5

clg xfdLl;t} lsg hf]/L vf]Hg'x'G5 <

Pp6f la/fof] zfvf lk/fof] lsg ug'{x'G5 <

6fpsf] b'v]sf] cf]vtL gfO6fdf nfO ug'{x'G5

cfkm}“n] NofKr] nufPsf] td;'s lsg RofTg'x'G5 <

of] a'9];sfndf lsg eL/ vf]Hg'x'G5 <

kl/jf/ ;a} a}/L ef’5g\

O:6ldq tkfO{+l;t lrl9Psf 5g\

rf/}lt/ klx/f] uPsf] a]nf d:t lgb|fdf lsg 3'g'{x'G5 <

tlNt/sf] l5d]sL v'lRrª ahfO/x]sf] 5

3'sL{ clt ef] slt 3'Sof{pg'x'G5 <

e':ofxf s's'/x¿ kfn]/ cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fGg'x'G5 <

/fhdfu{ 5f8]/ lsg eL/ vf]Hg'x'G5 <

r

)%(, df3

5f]/fsf] gfddf

l/r8{ /fO6

        pm cw{d'lbt gogn] x]b}{ cl3 a9\b} yL . p;sf cf]7x¿ ank"j{s 6Dd hf]l8Psf lyP . p;sf cf}+nfx¿ asf]{leq n's]sf] ux|f}+ k]:tf]nnfO{ :kz{ ul//x]sf lyP . em/Ldf pm lgy'|Ss lelh;s]sL lyO{ . cufl8 uP/ pm Psflt/ nfuL . ;fd'Gg] aQLx¿ an]sf] b]vL . glhs} st} dflg;x¿ af]n]sf] klg ;'gL .

        æsf] x“ <Æ

        pm cl8O{ . v:nf ls sfld/x]sf] cf}+nfx¿n] asf]{ RofKk ;dftL .

        b'O{hgf uf]/fx¿ pm glhs cfP . tL;“u ;6ug lyof] .

        æs] ub}{ 5];\ oxf“ <Æ

        æ5f]/fnfO{ e]6\g cfPsL x'“ .Æ

        æs] u5{ t]/f] 5f]/f] <Æ

        æz]l/kmn] ;dft]sf] 5 .Æ

        æP ˜˜, To;f] eP of] ToxL sfn]sL cfdf /}5 ⁄Æ

        æTo;f] eP t“nfO{ cfgf] 5f]/fsf] nfz rflxof] <Æ

        æc“ ˜˜ ⁄Æ

        æclxn] Tof] d/]sf] 5}g . t/ To;n] alslbof] eg] d[To'af6 hf]lug]5 .Æ

        æTo;n] eGg] 5}g .Æ

        æxfdLnfO{ asfpg] tl/sf yfxf 5 .Æ

        æt/ klg asfpg ;Sb}gf}“ .Æ

        æ;'g sfnL a"9L, cln a'l4n] sfd n] . sfnfx¿n] qmflGt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t“ cfgf] 5f]/fnfO{ ;Demf .Æ

        ædnfO{ z]l/km;“u e]6fOb]pm .Æ

        æt“ To;sL cfdf xf];\ . To;nfO{ ;DemfOa'emfO u/]/ elgb] ls p;n] OGsnfjL ;fyLx¿sf] gfd elgb]cf];\ .Æ

        æp;n] eGg]5}g .Æ

        ltgLx¿n] p;nfO{ kfv'/fdf RofKk c“7\ofP / h·nlt/ nu] . Toxf“ klxn]b]lv g} dflg;x¿sf] eL8 lyof] . pm cfgf] ljrf/df Psbd ;kmf / :ki6 lyO{ . ‘a's]/n] klg eGg] 5}g’ :jut ;f]rL p;n], ‘t/ p;n] elglbof] eg]===’ . dflg;x¿sf] :j/ glhls+b} hf“bf cfkm"af6 x'g uPsf] e'n s;/L ;Rofpg] egL pm ;f]lr/x]sL lyO{, ‘lsg Joy}{ d}n] a's/nfO{ of] /x:o vf]]n]+ x'“nL < e}uf], ca d a's/ gcfpGh]n s]xL af]lNbg“ . Psrf]l6 cfgf] 5f]/f] hf]gL af]Plg/ t k'uf}+ ⁄’

        cf“v} vfg] lemlnlNn pHofnf]df jiff{sf] afl56f 6lNs/x]Yof] . Totf plePsfx¿ Ps 5]p nfu]kl5 p;n] cfgf] 5f]/f] hf]gLaf]PnfO{ b]vL– lxnfDo z/L/ lxnf]df nl8/x]sf] lyof] . p;sf] lhp Pp6f 8f]/Ln] af“lwPsf] lyof] . 6fpsf]sf] Psfkl§sf] efu wldnf] kfgLsf] vfN8f]df hf]ltPsf] lyof] . cfdflt/ b[li6 kbf{ p;sf gog k|Zgo'Qm b]lvP .

        æof];“u s'/f u/ .Æ z]l/kmn] eGof] .

        ‘s7} cfkm" cfpg'sf] k|of]hg o;nfO{ atfpg ;SbL x'“ t ===’ :jut ;f]rL p;n] .

        æaf]n, sfn] wltª\u/] ⁄Æ z]l/kmn] hf]gLaf]PnfO{ nfQ] es'G8f] em}+ xfGb} pk]Iffk"j{s eGof], æoL of“ plePsL 5 t]/L cfdf ⁄Æ

        hf]gL af]P g t af]Nof] g t rNdnfof] .

        p;sL cfdflt/ cled'v x'“b} z]l/kmn] eGof], æo;nfO{ ;Demf, cflv/ lsg of] cfgf sfnf / uf]/f ;fyLx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg rfxG5 < So} ug'{ kb}{g, ltgsf] gfd dfq elglbP k'U5 clg t o;sf] Hofg hf]luOxfN5 . ;DembfO{ b] o;nfO{ . hfg t glhs} hf .Æ

        pm 6;d; eO{ . lrTsf/sf] efiffdf cfgf] 5f]/fsf] k|Zg;"rs b[li6sf] hjfkm lbg rfxGyL t/ p;sf cf]7 v'n]gg\ .

        æaf]lNbg;\ < af]Ng nfpg] cf}ifwL 5 lg xfdL;“u .Æ csf]{lt/ kms{+b} z]l/kmn] cx|fof], æl6d, Toxf“af6 sf7sf] Tof] anf] NofP/ of] sfn]sf] lt3|fdf /fv t .Æ

        d'6' g} s“kfpg] Pp6f bL3{ lrTsf/ ;'lgof] .

        nfd3f/]n] hf]gL af]Psf] b'j} v'§f dfly p7fof], Pp6f prfO;Dd k'¥ofof] / km'Q 5fl8lbof] . uf]8f lghL{j j:t'em}+ em¥of] / nls{of] . hf]gL af]Psf] 6fpsf] Psflt/ klN6of] kn{Ss . ca pm Toxf“af6 p;sf] cg'xf/ b]Vg ;lSbgyL .

        x7ft\ hf]gLaf]Pn] cg'xf/ pmkl§ kmsf{p“b} cfb|{ :j/df eGof], æcfdf, oxf“af6 uO xfn ⁄ uO{ xfn t ⁄⁄Æ

        pm cQfln+b} 5f]/flt/ nDsL t/ kfv'/fdf RofKk c“7\ofP/ z]l/kmn] p;nfO{ tflgxfNof], clg hf]gL af]P;“u eGof], æolb t}+n] elglbO;\ eg] xfdL o;nfO{ 5fl8lbG5f}+ . xf]Og eg] o;nfO{ klg === .Æ

        æd]/f] 5f]/fn] eGb}g, lsdfy{ eGb}g .Æ

        æcfdf, ltdL uOxfn t .Æ

        æo;/L oftgf lbg'eGbf a? o;nfO{ uf]nL 7f]lsb]pm .Æ p;n] z]l/km;“u egL .

        æo;n] eGg] 5, xf]Og eg] t]/f] :j/ slxNo} ;'Gg g;Sg] x'g]5 . d o;sf] sfg kmf]l8lbG5' .Æ ufx|f] eP/ p;n] cf“vf aGb u/L . s]xL l5gkl5 cf“vf vf]Nbf t z]l/km p;sf] 5f]/f pk/ lgx'/]sf] b]vL . z]l/kmn] hf]gLaf]Psf] Pp6f sfgdfly cfgf] xft /fVof] / ;Sbf] hf]8n] csf]{ To;dfly ahf¥of] . km]l/, csf]{ sfgdf klg To;} u¥of] . hf]gL af]Psf] d'vaf6 cfq :j/ lg:Sof] . p;sf] 6fpsf] kn{Ss klN6of], cf“vf Ps} 7fp“df cl8of cl8o} eof] .

        æz]l/km, tkfO{+nfO{ e]6\g Pshgf cfPsf 5g\ .Æ

        æoxL“ af]nfpm .Æ

        ;'g]/ pm klg v'lDrO{ . ‘a's/ xf] ls <’ :jut egL .

        cfuGt'ssf nflu eL8n] af6f] agfOlbof] . a's/ l56l56f] cfp“b} lyof] . z]l/kmlg/ cfOk''Ugf;fy eGof], æltgLx¿nfO{ d lrGb5', z]l/km .Æ To;}a]nf p;sf] b[li6 oftgl;Qm hf]g af]Pdf cl8of] . æTo;f] eP, tkfO{+n] yfxf kfO;Sg'eof] logsf af/]df <Æ z]l/kmlt/ cled'v x'“b} p;n]] ;f]Wof] .

        To;}a]nf pm cufl8 nDsL . asf]{ p7fO{ clg uf]nL rnfOlbO{– 8\ofª\u, 8\ofª\, b'O{ uf]nL . km]l/ pm k5fl8 kmsL{ / hf]gL af]Plt/ lgzfgf af“wL . To;}a]nf c¿x¿n] p;nfO{ ;dfltxfn] . a's/nfO{ lxnf]df n8]sf] b]v]kl5 p;sf] dgsf] cTof; ;fDo eof] . ca, lxnf]df ntfl/PsL pm zfGt lyO{ . cfkm"pk/ al;{/x]sf afl56faf6 lrofp“b} pm uf]/f d'vd08nx¿ x]l//x]sL lyO{ . tL uf]/f cg'xf/x¿ ca p;nfO{ b[9sfo ;fgf kxf8em}+ nflu/x]sf lyP .

        æo;n] a's/nfO{ dfl/lbO{ .Æ

        æo;nfO{ lg dfl/b] .Æ

        pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ dfg'{eGbf klxn] g} cfkm" r§ x'g kfP x'GYof] eGg] p;n] 7fgL . p;n] h] ug{ rfx]sL yL Tof] k"/f ePsf] lyof] . ‘ca, st} hf]gL af]P=== ⁄’ p;n] cfgf] 5f]/f]lt/ x]/L . pm pxLlt/ x]l//x]Yof], SnfGt gh/n] . ‘s7} ⁄ d p;nfO{ lg eGg ;SbL x'“ .’ p;n] ;f]rL .

        æa's/nfO{ lsg dfl/;\ <Æ z]l/kmn] ;f]Wof] .

        p;n] hjfkm lbOg . tTsfn cfgf] sDd/df z]l/kmsf] a'6sf] 7f]SsfO cg'e"t u/L p;n] . cf;Gg oftgfsf] cfz++sfaf6 q:t eP/ p;n] cf“vf lrDnL .

        æsfnL s's'gL{ ⁄Æ

        æo;nfO{ p8fO b] .Æ

        æx}g, o;}sf cf“vf ;fd'Gg] klxn] o;sf] 5f]/f]nfO{ p8f .Æ

        5f]/fn] ;'Gg g;Sg] s'/f]x¿ klg p;n] ;'gL .

        Pskl5 csf]{ u/L b'O{ uf]nL rNof] . ca pm hf]gL af]Psf] ;§f uf]/f cg'xf/x¿ x]l//lxyL . Nof; aQLsf pHofnf]df p;sf g]q ;hn / s7f]/ b]lvPy] .

        æca of] s's'gL{nfO{ klg p8f .Æ

        lk7\o'“df p;n] tftf]kg cg'e"t u/L .

        em/Ln] leh]sf] lr;f] p;n] eGg rfxL, æltdLx¿ h] hfGg rfxGYof}, Tof] ;s]gf} / ca slxNo} klg ;Sb}gf} .Æ cfgf] v'nf / wldnf cf“vfdf kfgLsf] l56f k/]em}+ 7fgL p;n] / dw'/f] :j/ klg ;'gL . p;sf cf]7x¿ sf“lk/x] t/ s'g} cfjfh lg:s]g .

        ca pm lgZrn yL, zfGt yL . p;nfO{ lr;f] klg nflu/x]sf] lyPg .

cg'= O:dfnL



hLjg aUg'k5{

nIdL dfnL

hLjg aUg'k5{

aUg kfpg'k5{

kxf8, ufp“, kmf“6 / h+un x'“b}

lu6\6L, 9'+uf, afn'jf;“u}

t}l/+b}, ulxl/+b}

wldln+b}, ;lUn+b}

u'gu'gfp“b}, lrRofp“b}

hLjg ltdLn] aUg}k5{

aUg kfpg'k5{ .

ltdLn] cfxfn aGg' x'“b}g

/5\ofg x'g' x'“b}g

ltdL hDg' x'“b}g

ltdL PlSng' x'“b}g

ltdLn] ;xg' x'“b}g

To;}n]

;do / 7fp“ x]/]/

pn{g'k5{, s'n{g'k5{

ltdLn] cfgf] ¿k km]g'{k5{

h] eP klg

hLjg ltdLn] aUg'k5{

aUg kfpg'k5{ . 

k|eftsfnLg ;dfrf/

/fdk|;fb 1jfnL

        p;sf cf“vf /ª p8]sf] leQfdf u8]sf lyP dfgf}+ Toxf“ s'g} cb\e"t / cfsif{s j:t' lyof] . leQfdf b'O{j6f dfp;'nLx¿– Pp6f 7f8f] k/]/ / csf]{ rflx“ t];f]{ k/]/ af/Daf/ lha|f] lgsfNb} / leq n'sfp“b} ul//x]sf lyP . s]xL lem+uf / k'tnLx¿ cf]l;Psf kv]6fx¿ rnfp“b} 3/L v'?? bu'y]{, 3/L p8\y], 3/L a:y] / o;} qmddf dfp;'nLx¿;fd' klg k'Uy] . dfp;'nLx¿sf cf“vf lem+uf / k'tnLx¿df cToGt rgfvf] eP/ u8]sf lyP . lem+uf / k'tnL glhs cfpgf;fy Ps} em\ofkdf tL dfp;'nLsf l;sf/ aGy] . cln k/ ePsf lem+uf / k'tnLnfO{ klg dfp;'nLx¿ ;ts{tf;fy cufl8 a9]]/ cfgf] l;sf/ agfOxfNy] . lgs} a]/kl5 pm rflx“ dfp;'nL / lem+uf–k'tnLaLrsf] b[Zo x]b}{ u'd;'du'd;'d a;]sf] lyof] . p;sf cf“vfdf Hof]lt lyPg, lgwf/el/ /]vfx¿ lyP, xft / v'§fdf u“8\of}nfh:t} g;fx¿ b]lvGy], z/L/df km'tL{ lyPg, ufnfdf /ut lyPg . pm af“Rgs} nflu af“Rg afWo ePsf] k|f0fLem}+ b]lvGYof] . Psl5gkl5 emkSs} ;f“em klg laTof] / x\jfQ} /ft klg lx+8\g yfNof] t/ p;df cem} klg s'g} xnrn jf kl/jt{g b]lvPg . pm lrl;Psf] wf]b|f] d'9f]em}+ To;/L g} uhw'Dd al;/x\of] .

        To;}a]nf p;sL :jf:gLn] k|j]z u/L . p;sf cf“vfdf uf9f pbf;L lyof] . x“l;of / gfDnf] EofQ ub}{ s'gflt/ kmfn]kl5 ckl/lrt JolQmn] h:t} p;n] cfg} 3/nfO{ x]/L . nf]Ug] cem} klg leQflt/} kms]{/ nf6f]em}+ 6f]nfO/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] km]l/ Psk6s rf/}lt/ cf“vf 3'dfO{ . cu]gfeGbf cln k/ s'gfdf em'G8\ofOPsf] sf]qmf]df ;fgf] 5f]/f] lgbfPsf] lyof] . cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] s'/f] gb]v]em}+ pm 56kl6g yfnL . eoeLt x'“b} nf]Ug]nfO{ tLvf] b[li6n] x]/]kl5 pm rf]6fdf pSnL . rf]6faf6 pm embf{ o:tf] nfUYof] dfgf}+ p;n] 7"n} cfkt\ a]xf]b}{ 5] . emg\ t;]{sf] cg'xf/ lnP/} pm rf]6faf6 cf]]nL{ / nf]Ug]nfO{ Sjf/Sjf/tL x]/L . nf]Ug] rflx“ 9'·f] xf] ls d"9f] xf] em}+ p:t}u/L leQflt/ x]/]/ 6f]nfO/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] klg leQflt/ x]/L . lem+uf / k'tnL dfg]{ dfp;'nLx¿ p;}u/L v]n v]Nb} lyP . p;n] cfqmf]lzt / c;Gt'i6 cf“vfn] nf]Ug]nfO{ 3'/]/ x]/L clg pl5l§+b} aflx/lt/ bu'/L . emG8} cQflnPsf] ¿kdf pm 3/sf rf/}lt/ x]b}{ bu'/L, s/];faf/Llt/ x'lQO{, uf]7lt/ xfDkmfnL clg ?g ?g vf]Hb} x'l/{P/ 3/leq k;L . c“u]gfsf] l8ndf YofRr a;]/ k'k'{/f]df bfof“ xftn] 7\ofk7\ofk 7f]Sb} s/fO{– æx]
eudfg\ ⁄ st} ==== ⁄Æ clg sf“r} vfp“nfem}+ ub}{ nf]Ug]lt/ kms]{/ lrRofO{– æx}g, ltdL af}nfof} ls Sof xf] ⁄Æ p;sf] d'6' hf]8hf]8n] w8\ls/x]sf] lyof], 5ftLdf nfdf] nfdf] ;f; km]l//x]sL lyO{ . p;sf] sfg} vfg] rsf]{ cfjfh ;'g]/ aNn nf]Ug]sf] Wofg e· eof] . pm em;· eml:s+b} :jf:gLlt/ kmSof]{ / 5Ss kb}{ eGof]– ælsg o;/L s/fPsf] < s] ef] <Æ

        æcem} s] ef] < ltDnfO{ So}sf] :jfb 5}g ⁄ 5f]/L v} 5f]/L < /ft kg{ yfNbf klg 3/df 5}g ⁄Æ ;ftf] lng] u/L :jf:gLn] xkf/L .

        æclg o:tf] VofpVofp ug'{k5{ t <Æ eGof] nf]Ug]n] / cln ;+oldt ePkl5 eGof], æclUu g} cfO;sL Tof] . t]n 5}g, sfsfsf“ u} Nofp“5' eg]/ ufsL xf], cfp“b} xf]nL . t“ lg s'/} ga'emL emf]lSsG5];\ .Æ t/ nf]Ug]sf] af]nLdf pT;fx lyPg .

        :jf:gL cln zfGt / ;Gt'i6 b]lvO{ . cf“vfel/ cfPsf cf“;'nfO{ afof“ xftn] :ofKk kfb}{ k'5L, kml/ofsf] ;Ksf]n] gfs k'5L / ?“nf?“nf em}+ ub}{ egL– æSof?d\ t d}n] . dg dfGb}g, cflQ/G5 of] dg ⁄ ltd|f] h:tf] 9'·f] e}Bf e] x'GYof] s] /] ⁄ cfdf k/]“ lg d t . cln av{ vfPsf] 5f]/f] lg x/fof] . dfpjfbLn] nP /] eG5g\ . cem} So} cQf]kQf] 5}g . df5{g\ ls Sof xf] d]/f] afa'nfO{ ⁄ ltdL af} e]sfn] So} ulb{gf} ⁄ To} leQflt/ SjfSjftL{ nfP/ a:5f} uf]Hofª\u|f] em}+ ⁄ d}n] Sof¿d\ t lg ⁄ clg 5f]/LnfO{ olt a]nf;Dd gb]Vbf 5f]/LnfO{ lg nP ls eg]/ ===Æ eGbfeGb} pm ;'“Ss–;“'Ss ub}{ ?g yfnL . nf]Ug]n] sft/ cf“vfn] p;nfO{ x]l//x\of]≤ s]xL af]n]g . p;sf cf“vf klg el/P/ cfP . To;}a]nf crfgs aflx/ cf“ugdf 9\ofk9\ofk rKkn k8\Sof] . nf]Ug]:jf:gL o;/L t;]{ h;/L af3sf] uGw kfP/ d[u tl;{G5 / pgLx¿ x'l/{P/ 3/aflx/ lg:s] . aflx/ 5f]/L rflx“ t]n lnP/ cfPsL /lx5 . nfdf] ;f; km]/]kl5 pgLx¿ zfGt eP clg tLg}hgf ;“u;“u} leq k;] . :jf:gLn] 6'sL afnL / sf]qmf]af6 5f]/f] lems]/ b'w r';fpg yfnL . nf]Ug]rflx“ c“u]gflt/ a:of] / hjfg ePsL 5f]/Lsf] e'lTnPsf] skfn / eoeLt cf“vf x]b}{ r'/f]6 tfGg yfNof] . pgLx¿ lgs}a]/ s]xL gu/L, s]xL gaf]nL r'krfk al;/x] .

        æx}g, To} 5f]/f] Rofk]/ al;/xg] ls vfg]s'/f klg ksfpg] <Æ nf]Ug]n] w]/} a]/kl5 eGof] .

        æhf“u/} 5}g, ef]s klg nf’5}g ⁄Æ gL/; :j/df egL :jf:gLn] / Psl5gkl5 ykL– æaHofx]n]{ 5f]/f]nfO{ sf“ nUof x'g\===Æ eGbfeGb} p;sf cf“vf /;fP/ cfP . ædg{ g;s]sf d'bf{/x¿ ⁄ /f0ffsf ;GtfgnfO{ s}No} ;'v gxf];\ k|e' ⁄Æ olt eg]kl5 pm ;'“Ss;'“Ss ?g yfnL . 5f]/Lsf] dg klg 9Ss km'n]/ cfof] . pm cfdfs} sf“wdf d'G6f] 9]k]/ ?g yfnL . nf]Ug]rflx“ :jf:gL / 5f]/Lsf alu/x]sf cf“;' x]b}{ ckxl/t 5f]/fs} af/]df ;f]Rg yfNof] . Toxf“ s]xLa]/ km]l/ cgf}7f] / lj/lQmnfUbf] zflGt 5fof] .

        æcfuf] afn\ 5f]/L ca ⁄ /ft klg afSn} e};Sof], cN5L gdfg\ ⁄ Sof5f}{ t, gd?Gh]n vfg} kg]{ . ltdLx¿nfO{ ;lhnf] 5≤ cf“;' emf/]/ ?G5f}≤ Tof] r}“ aflx/} b]lvG5 . dr}“ leqleq ?G5'≤ leq /f]Psf] b]lvGg Sof/] ⁄ dnfO{ sDtf kL/ 5 < ltdLx¿ r}“ ===Æ eGbfeGb} nf]Ug]sf] klg unf el/P/ cfof] . nf]Ug]sf] Tof] xfnt b]v]kl5 aNnaNn /f]ls/fv]sf] :jf:gLsf] d'6'df eSsfgf] km'l6xfNof] . pm 8f“sf] 5f]8]/} ?g yfnL– æd]/f] afa' ⁄ t“ sf“ 5;\ lg afa' ⁄ xfDn] s:sf] s] la/fsf lyd\ / t“nfO{ nP lg ⁄===Æ

        h]7f] 5f]/fsf] ckx/0fkl5sf k|foh;f] /ftx¿ emG8} o;/L g} lat]sf lyP . cfh klg To;s} k'g/fj[lQ lyof] . pbf;L, cf}8fxf, cf“;' / cft°sf] oxL jftfj/0fdf of] ;f“em klg k"/} lalt;s]sf] lyof] eg] /ft klg s'b\g yfn]sf] lyof] . 5f]/Lrflx“n] cN5L dfgLdfgL c“u]gf]df cfuf] afnL . cf“;' k5\b} :jf:gL klg vfgf agfpg] ;'/;f/df nfuL . nf]Ug]n] km]l/ r'/f]6 ;Nsfof] . pgLx¿ km]l/ r'krfk eP .

        To;sf] s]xL l5gkl5 3/aflx/ u/fdu'?d w]/} dfG5]x¿ cfPsf] ;'lgof] . pgLx¿ em:s] . :jf:gLn] 8/fp“b} nf]Ug]lt/ x]/L / kms]{/ 5f]/LnfO{ lrlGtt x'“b} x]/L . 5f]/L af3n] n]v]6]sf] d[uem}+ cftl°t b]lvGyL . afns ?g yfNof] . nf]Ug]rflx“ 3/L :jf:gLsf] d'vdf t 3/L 5f]/Lsf] d'vdf x]b}{ cfzl°t aGof] .

        æw]/} g} 5g\ h:tf] 5 .=== ;]gf x'g\ ls < === dfpjfbL kf] x'g\ ls <===Æ clt;fgf] :j/df km';km';fp“b} nf]Ug]n] eGof] . p;sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 8/ / l/;n] :jf:gLsf cf“vf /ftf/ftf ag] . t/ dgdf cftª\lst ePsL p;n] aRrfnfO{ c“7\ofP/ ;dftL / 9f]sflt/ x]/L . clg 5f]/LnfO{ cfb]z lb+b} egL– æt“ dfly rf]6fdf hf 5f]/L ⁄Æ

        ækv\ ⁄ === k}n] sf] /}’5g\ a'emf}“ . dfpjfbL cfsf e] 5f]/L rf]6fdf ghfcf];\ ⁄ pgLx¿ t ;f]em} rf]6fd} plSnG5g\ .Æ olt eg]/ nf]Ug] la:tf/} ;f“3'/f] em\ofnlt/ k'Uof] . pm em\ofnaf6 x]g{ vf]Hb} lyof] ls crfgs 9f]sfdf 7s7ssf] rsf]{ cfjfh ;'lgof] . pgLx¿n] t;+{b} 9f]sflt/ x]/] . Ps} If0fdf dl;gf] :j/df aflx/af6 tLvf] cfjfh cfof]–

        æleq sf] x'g'x'G5 < 9f]sf vf]Ng'xf];\ t <Æ ;'Gg'eof] < l56f] 9f]sf vf]Ngf];\ ⁄Æ

        3/leqsf tLg} hgfsf] d'6' 9Ss km'Nof] . 5f]/L cfdfsf] 5ftLdf lnlK;Ss 6f“l;g k'uL . :jf:gLsf xftx¿n] cgfof;} aRrfnfO{ hf]8n] ;dft] . cToGt eoeLt x'“b} tLg} hgfn] Pscsf{nfO{ x]/] . ptf km]l/ hf]8hf]8n] 9f]sf 9S9Sofpg yfn] / km]l/ pxL clwsf/k"0f{ cfjfh cfof]– æxf]Og, ;'Gg'ePg ls Sof xf] < 9f]sf vf]Ngf];\ eGof ⁄Æ o;k6ssf] cfjfh qm'4 / czfGt k|s[ltsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ 8/n] sf“k] . s7f]/ wDsLk"0f{ Tof] cfjfh ;'g]kl5 tLg}hgfsf] z/L/df Pp6f rL;f] ;k{ bu'/]em}+ cgf}7f] cg'e"lt pgLx¿n] u/] . :jf:gL l/;sf] emf]sdf s]xL eGg vf]Hb} lyO{≤ nf]Ug]n] Totflt/ Wofg lbPg . pm cflQ+b} 9f]sfdf k'Uof] / 9f]sf vf]lnlbof] . 9f]sf v'Ng dfq s] k'u]sf] lyof], x'/L / atf;em}+ rf/hgf /fOkmnwf/Lx¿ Ps}rf]l6 leq l5/] / csf]{ emf]Ssfdf rf]6fdf pSn] . csf{ rf/hgf /fOkmnwf/Lx¿ 3/aflx/ kf]lh;gdf ;ts{ eO{ v8f lyP . tLdWo] b'O{hgf la:tf/} 3/leq k;] clg x's'dsf] :j/df Pp6fn] eGof], ætkfO{+x¿n] 8/fpg' kb}{g . xfdL dfcf]jfbL xf}+ . cfh /ft cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf 5 . 7fp“–7fp“df xfd|f ;fyLx¿ t}gfy x'g'x'G5 . Ps 8]9 3G6fkl5 xfdL klg oxf“af6 hfg]5f}“ . laxfg}b]lv xfdL ef]sf 5f}+ . To;}n] xfd|f nflu l56f]eGbf l56f] vfg]s'/fsf] aGbf]a:t ul/xfNg'k¥of] ⁄Æ

        cfgf] 5f]/f] ckx/0f ug]{ dfcf]jfbL g} x'g\ eGg] :jf:gLnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] . To;}n] pm qm'4, efj's / cfqmf]lzt klg lyO{ . To;dfly dfcf]jfbLx¿ h;/L 3/leq k;], rf]6fdf pSn] / 7f8f] cfb]zsf] efiffdf af]n], Tof] b]v]/, ;'g]/ p;sf] slG;/L tft]/ cfof] . csf{sf] 3/df 8fsfem}+ k:g] / Ps cfv/ s]xL g;f]wL UjfUjf{tL{ rf]6fdf hfg] ldrfxf tfn b]v]/ p;nfO{ vlk;Sg' ePg . To;}n] emf]lSs“b} p;n] egL– æcar}“ s] rfOof] lg < ePsf] Pp6f hjfg 5f]/f] n}xfNof} ⁄ 3/df So} 5}g, e] kf] vfg lbg] ⁄Æ

        æa9\tf af]Ng] x}g x} cfd} ⁄ h;f] ug{ eGof 5, v'?Ss To} To} ug]{ . gq === . yfxf 5}g xfdL s;sf nflu n8\b} 5f}+ < tkfO{+x¿h:t} lgd'vfsf lglDt t n8\b}5f}+
lg ⁄ P]n] c¿ s'/f ug]{ x}g lg ⁄ v'?Ss vfg]s'/f tof/ kfg]{, a;\ ⁄Æ Pp6f aGb'swf/Ln] /ftf/ftf cf“vf kfb}{ eGof] . p;sf] cx°f/ / km'tL{ b]v]/ emg\ qm'4 ePsL :jf:gL hjfkm kmsf{pg] tv{/df lyO{ t/ gfh''s l:yltnfO{ a'em]sf] nf]Ug]n] O;f/f u/]/ p;nfO{ r'k /xg nufof] / cfkm}+ cufl8 ;/]/ eGof]– æ3/df rfdn kL7f] So} 5}g . oltsf hgfnfO{ s] Vjfp“g] xf]nf <Æ

        Pp6f aGb"swf/Ln] nf]Ug]nfO{ o;/L x]¥of] dfgf}+ p;sf] qmflGtsf] af6f]df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] zq' pxL xf] . If0fd} cg'xf/sf] qmf]w ;fDo kfb}{ /jfkmk"0f{ :j/df eGof]– æ3/df h] 5, To} ksfpg] ⁄ ds} e6df; t xf]nf lg ⁄ To} e'6\g] ⁄ xfdLnfO{ xtf/f] 5, rf“8f] ul/xfNg] ⁄Æ

        aGb"swf/Lx¿sf] x]g]{ / af]Ng] 9· b]v]kl5 cem cftª\lst ePsf] of] ;fgf] kl/jf/ dg gnfuL–gnfuL ds}e6df; e'6\glt/ nfUof] . pgLx¿sf lglDt k|To]s If0f l;·} lbgh:tf] nfdf] lyof] . :jf:gLrflx“ xf“8Lsf ds} k8\s]em}“ dgdg} plåUg lyO{ . æcfgf] 5f]/f] ckx/0f ug]{ logLx¿h:t} t x'g\ lg, sf“ nP/ ;]gfl;t le8\g k7fO{ d]/f] 5f]/f] dfg]{ x'g\ ⁄Æ o:t} ;f]Rb} pm pQ]lht eO{ . æx] eujfg\ ⁄ laGtL 5, oL aHofx¿n] /ft} sf6\g gkfpmg\ ⁄ d]/f] d'6'sf] 6'qmfnfO{ d/fpg nfg]x¿ t kSnSs} eP lg x'GYof] lg ⁄ oL df]/fx¿nfO{ s}n];Dd o;/L kfNg'kg]{ xf] sf]lg ⁄ 7x/} x'g g;s]sf df]/fx¿ ⁄Æ :jf:gL dgdgdf kmtkmtfO{ . t/ p;sf] of] cfqmf]z pmleq} w'jf“em}+ /ªdlªof]≤ c¿ s;}n] ;'g]g . o;/L pgLx¿ dgdg} c;Gt'i6 / b'MvL lyP t/ aflx/ eg] s;}n] s]xL eg]g . nf]Ug]rflx“ 3/L3/L 5f]/LnfO{ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . p;sf cf“vfn] n'sLn'sL aGb'swf/Lsf ultljlw x]l//x]sf lyP / ltgLx¿dWo] Ps b'O{ hgfsf cf“vfn] af/Daf/ cfgL 5f]/LnfO{ 3'l//x]sf] b]v]/ pm cflQ+b} klg lyof] . pgLx¿n] ePsf] ds} e6df; e'6\b} uP, aGb"swf/Lx¿n] vf“b} uP . 8]9 3G6f latfpg pgLx¿nfO{ 8]9 jif{ h:tf] eof] . 8]9 3G6fkl5 dfcf]jfbLx¿ 3/af6 aflx/ lgl:sP . 3/sf tLg}hgfn] 5ftLaf6 7"nf] 9'·f] x6]sf] cg'ej u/] . nf]Ug]n] nfdf] ;f; km]¥of] . :jf:gLn] dfcf]jfbLx¿ uPsf] lbzflt/ wf/] xft nufP/ ;/fkL– ækSnSs} x'g g;s]sf d'bf{/x¿ ⁄Æ To;kl5 s] s] s] xf] s] s] eGb} kmtkmtfpg yfnL . nf]Ug]n] p;nfO{ emkfb}{ ;fptLsf] :j/df eGof], ær'k ⁄ ===, r'k nfu\ ⁄ s;}n] ;'Gnfg\ ⁄ leQfsf klg sfg x'G5g\ ⁄Æ km]l/ ;Demfpg] tl/sfn] eGof], æwGg 5f]/LnfO{ nu]gg\ . t“nfO{ ltgLx¿;“u} l/;dfq} pl7/x\of] . t}+n] Vofn ul/;\ tL e'l:t3|]sf cf“vfdf < s;/L SjfSjf{tL{ 5f]/LnfO{ x]l//x]sf < 5f]/LnfO{ g} ckx/0f ug]{ x'g\ ls eGg] 8/n] d]/f] dg t === ⁄ wGg ===Æ olt eg]kl5 nf]Ug]n] km]l/ nfdf] ;f; km]¥of] . :jf:gLn] sft/ g]qn] 5f]/Llt/ x]/L . ca eg] p;nfO{ leq}b]lv 8/ nfu]/ cfof] . 5f]/LnfO{ tfg]/ p;n] ;'D;'DofO{ . pgLx¿nfO{ vfg klg Tolt hf“u/ rn]g . pgLx¿ cN5L kf/fn] ToxL ds}e6df; vfP/ ;'Tg] t/v/df nfu] t/ pgLx¿sf] dgdf ckxl/t 5f]/fsf] lrGtf km]l/ ;nanfpg yfNof] .



        dfcf]jfbLx¿ 3/af6 uPkl5sf] lgs} ;do lat] klg nf]Ug]:jf:gLnfO{ gLb nflu/x]sf] lyPg . :jf:gLsf] sfvdf ;fgf] aRrf lgbfO;s]sf] lyof] . 5f]/L klg ;fob lgbfO;s]sL lyO{ . /ftLsf] sl/a !@ aHg nfu]sf] x'“bf] xf] . pgLx¿sf cf“vf aNntNn nf]nfpg nfu]sf lyP . crfgs s;}n] hf]8hf]8n] 9f]sf 9S9Sofof] . tGb|fdf /x]sf nf]Ug]:jf:gL em;· x'“b} cf]5\ofgd} p7]/ a;] . 9f]sfdf km]l/ hf]8hf]8n] 9S9SofOof] / ;fydf df]6f] / qm'4 :j/df pgLx¿n] ;'g]– æ9f]sf vf]n\ ⁄ l56f] 9f]sf vf]n\ ⁄Æ

        æP a'9f ⁄ km]l/ sf] cfP x“ < ls ltg} aHh]x¿ km]l/ cfP ⁄ ;]gfn] n]v]6]/ efuL cfP ls <Æ :jf:gL cft+lst x'“b} ;f;};f;df km':km';fO{ .

        æsf]lg ⁄ s:tf] hf]8n] 9f]sfdf xfg]sf] ⁄ 9f]s} kmf]5{g\ ls Sof xf] ⁄ k}n]sf] eGbf w]/} 5g\h:tf] 5 ⁄Æ nf]Ug]n] km':km';fof] .

        æx] eujfg\ ⁄ xfDnfO{ g} o:tf] lsg < /R5] u/ k|e' ⁄Æ :jf:gLn] c“w]/f]d} xft hf]8L / 8/fp“b} ;fptL u/]sf] :j/df egL– æls ltDn] eg]em}+ 5f]/LnfO{ klg nfg cfP x“ <Æ p;n] 8/fp“b} 5f]/Llt/ x]/L . oltv]/;Dd 5f]/L klg hflu;s]sL lyO{ . pm cfdfl;t lnlK;Ss 6f“l;O{ . ptf tnaf6 emg\–emg\ hf]8n] xfGb} 9f]sf vf]n\ ⁄ 9f]sf vf]n\ ⁄Æ eGg] cfjfh cfO/x]sf] lyof] .

        ædfpjfbL x}gg\ h:tf] 5 ⁄ ;]gf kf] x'g\ Sof xf], a'lem;\ ⁄Æ nf]Ug]n] eGof] .

        æca s] ug]{ lg < logLx¿n] t hNnfO{ lg df5{g\ /] ⁄Æ :jf:gL ?g yfnL . tn 9f]sf xfGg] qmd emg\ a9\of] . tnaf6 xft] dfOsdf af/Daf/ wDsL klg cfO/x]sf] lyof] . nf]Ug]n] ;f]Rof], æca h] knf{ knf{ ⁄ dg'{k/] k¥of] ⁄ xfDn] So} uNtL u¥of 5}gd\ Sof/ ⁄Æ clg ;Demfpg] :j/df eGof]– æg/f]pm ltdLx¿ ⁄ /f]P/ x'g] So} x}g ⁄ ca h] knf{ knf{ . xfDn] s] lauf¥of 5d\ / < df/]5g\ eg] df/]5g\, Sof/d\ t ⁄Æ pgLx¿ lj:tf/} rf]6faf6 cf]n{g yfn] .

        æva/bf/ ⁄ s;}n] efUg] sf]l;; gug"{ ⁄ ltdLx¿ rf/}lt/af6 3]l/Psf 5f} . efUg] sf]l;; u¥of} eg] dfl/g] 5f} ⁄ To;n] cfTd;dk{0f u/ ⁄Æ aflx/af6 xft] dfOsaf6 elgof] . km]l/ pxL cfjfhdf elgof]– æxfdL ltdLx¿nfO{ kf“r ldg]6sf] ;do lbG5f}+ . kf“r ldg]6leq cfTd;dk{0f gu/]df 3/df cfqmd0f ul/g]5, cfuf] nufOg]5 .Æ

        8/n] sfnf]gLnf] x'“b} pgLx¿ tn em/] / 9f]sf vf]n] . Ps} emKsfdf ;}lgsx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ em\ofkem'k kf/] / /fOkmnsf] gfnn] 3f]Rb} 3/sf] Ps s'gflt/ c“r]6] . s]xL ;}lgs xfjfsf] emf]Ssfem}“ rf]6flt/ pSn] clg s]xL If0fd} tn em/] . pgLx¿dWo] s]xL rf]6flt/ /fOkmn ;f]em\ofP/ kf]lh;gdf a;], s]xL 9f]sfaflx/ kf]lh;gdf a;], s]xLrflx“ klxn] g} 3/sf rf/}lt/ kf]lh;gdf lyP . ;]gfsf] gfOs] x]b}{ qm"/ / l/;fxf b]lvGYof] . p;n] dflQPsf /ftf/ftf cf“vfn] pgLx¿nfO{ 3'¥of] / s7f]/ cfjfhdf k|Zg u¥of], æcft+ssf/Lx¿nfO{ sxf“ n'sfPsf 5f} x“ < s}n]b]lv cft+ssf/Lx¿ oxf“ n's]sf 5g\ <Æ

        :jf:gL / 5f]/Lsf] aSs] g} km'6\b}g em}+ ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ sf6]df klg /ut cfpGg ls h:tf] u/L kx]+ln;s]sf lyP . nf]Ug]n] 8/fp“b} eGof]– æxh'/ ⁄ oxf“ t s'g} cft+ssf/L 5}g .Æ

        æ9f“6\5;\ kfhL ⁄ em'6f] af]N5;\ cem} ⁄ s]xL 3G6fcl3 oxf“ dfcf]jfbL
lyPgg\ < ltdLx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ vfgf lbPsf] x}g < t]/f] t 5f]/f] klg dfcf]jfbL ef 5 /] ⁄ xf] ls xf]Og <Æ gfOs]n] sf“r} vfp“nfem}+ ub}{ xsf¥of] . To;} ;do Pshgf ;}lgsn] /fOkmnsf] 6'Kkf]n] hf]8n] 3f]Rof] / eGof]– æ;fnf, dfcf]jfbLsf] afp ⁄Æ

        nf]Ug]n] ?“nf?“nfem}+ u/]/ eGof]– æxh'/n] of] s] cf/f]k nfpg'ef o:tf] ⁄ d]/f] 5f]/f] sf“ dfcf]jfbL x'g' < pNnfO{ t ltgLx]]n]{ g} ckx/0f u/]/ a]kQf kf/] lg xh'/ ⁄ To;sf] So} cQf]kQf] 5}g . p;sL cfdf /f]P/ dg{ cf“l6;sL . xfdL To:s} kL/n] l;6\7f] e};Sof}“ . P]n] Tof] s:tf] xfntdf 5– So} yf 5}g xh'/ ⁄Æ olt eGbfeGb} p;n] dgsf] jx /f]Sg} ;s]g / ?g yfNof] .

        æcem gf6s u5{;\ ⁄ xfdLnfO{ ;a} yfxf 5 . ltdLx¿ ;a} cft+ssf/L xf} . cl3 cft+ssf/Lx¿nfO{ vfg lbPsf] xf] ls x}g <Æ gfOs]n] emkfb}{ ;f]Wof] .

        olta]/;Dd :jf:gL xf]; p8]h:tL lyO{ . PSsf;L p;nfO{ s] eof] s'lGg, p;n] g} egL– æxf] ;fk ⁄ xfDn] ds} e6\df; b]sf] xf] ⁄Æ clg ;'“S;'“sfp“b} egL– æSof/d\ ;fk ⁄ aGb's t]:of{P/ cfp“5g\ . gfO“ eGg kfOGg, hjfkm kmsf{pg kfOGg . tL d'bf{/x¿n] xfd|f] lhpg' g} gs{ kfl/b]sf 5g\ xh'/ ⁄ xfdL lgwf{sf] s] nfU5 / xh'/ ⁄Æ

        gfOs]sf] Wofg nf]Ug]af6 x6]/ :jf:gLlt/ uof]] . d}nf / k'/fgf n'ufdf klg pm /fd|L b]lvGyL . ?“bfsf a]nf p;nfO{ gfOs]]n] slnnL klg b]Vof] . p;sf cf“vf Ps} ;sf]{df lz/b]lv kfp;Dd bu'/] . 5ftL 8Dd b]v]/ p;nfO{ /f]df~r eof] . km]l/ pm / p;sf ;fyLsf cf“vf hjfg 5f]/Ldfly k'u] . 5f]/L cfdfsf] k5fl8 6f“l:;P/ ql;t cf“vfn] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ x]l//x]sL lyO{ . ;}lgsx¿n] nf]eL cf“vfn] cfkm"nfO{ g} x]l//x]sf] b]v]/ pm cflQO{ clg kl5 x6L . k5fl8 leQf] lyof] . pm ToxL leQf]df 6f“l;O{ . gfOs] / c¿sf cf“vf tLa| ultdf p;dfly bu'/] . s;}sf cf“vf p;sf cf“vfdf uP/ cl8P, s;}sf cf“vf p;sf] cf]7df / s]xL cf“vf p;sf] 5ftLdf uP/ cl8P . lar/L 5f]/L 8/n] ubf{ To;/L v'lDrPsL lyO{ h;/L zq'nfO{ b]v]/ s5'jf v'lDrG5 . ¥ofn sf6\b} Pp6f ;}lgs cufl8 a9\of] / gfOs];“u eGof]– æ;/ ⁄ logLx¿ klg cft+ssf/L g} x'g\ . /fd|/L x]l/aS;of];\ t ;/, pm cft+ssf/L g} x'g\ ⁄Æ

        gfOs] klg dgdf tfgfafgf a'Gb} lyof] . p;sf] z/L/sf g;f tflt+b} cfPsf lyP . p;n] 3'/]/ 5f]/Lsf] 5ftLdf x]¥of] / eGof]– æx'“ === cft+ssf/L g} x'g\ . t}+n] 7Ls lrlg;\ s]6f, logLx¿ klg cft+ssf/L g} x'g\ .Æ p;n] olt eGgf;fy ;a} ;}lgs /fOkmn t]:of{p“b} ;ts{ eP .

        æva/bf/ ⁄ s;}n] klg rnfvL ug]{ sf]l;; gug"{ ⁄ gq ;a}hgf dfl/g]5f} ⁄Æ olt wDsL lbPkl5 aflx/lt/ kms]{/ gfOs] km]l/ s/fof]– æP s]6f xf] ⁄ aflx/ /fd|f];“u 3]/]sf 5f} xf]Og < h'g;'s} cft+ssf/L efUg vf]Hof] eg] ;f]em} uf]nL 7f]Sg" . d oxf“ ;f]wk'5 ub}{5' ⁄Æ To;kl5 leqsf ;}lgsx¿nfO{ cfb]z lb+b} eGof]– æP s]6f xf] ⁄ oL cft+ssf/Lx¿nfO{ 5'§f5'§} af“w .Æ

        gfOs]sf] d'vaf6 zAb v:g gkfp“b} :ofnn] rNnf 5f]k]em}+ ;}lgsx¿n] nf]Ug]nfO{ Psflt/ nu]/ af“w] clg :jf:gL / 5f]/LnfO{ 5'§f5'§} c“r]6] . cQflnPsf pgLx¿sf] lrTsf/n] 3/ xlNnof] . nf]Ug] ckdfg, 3[0ff / cfqmf]zn] 56\k6fof], :jf:gL lrTsf/ ubf{ub}{ a]xf]; eO{, 5f]/L cft];, qf; / cft+sn] nNofsn'n's eO{ . Pp6fn] 5f]/Lsf] z/L/ ;'D;'Dofp“b} eGof]– æo:tf] pd]/df klg s] cft+ssf/L aGg dg nfUof xf]nf x} ⁄Æ csf]{n] :jf:gLsf] z/L/ d';fb}{ eGof]– æTo} t, cfgf] 3/af/ x]/]/ ga;L of] pd]/df s] cft+ssf/L ultljlwdf nfUof xf]nf x} ⁄Æ clg Ps ;d"x xf“;f] km}lnof] . Psl5gkl5 ;]gfgfos 9f]sfaf6 aflx/ lgls:of] . p;sf] cg'xf/df ;Gt'li6sf /]vf b]lvGy] . To;sf] Psl5g kl5 csf]{ ;}lgs aflx/ cfof] . clg Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ leq hfg] / lg:sg] qmd rNof] . cGTodf uf]nLx¿ rn]sf] cfjfh ;'lgof] .



        j/k/sf 3/x¿df /x]sf ufp“n]x¿sf] gLb pl8;s]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] o; 3/df s]xL eofjx 36gf 3l6/x]5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/;s]sf lyP t/ aflx/ lg:sg] cf“6 ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . pgLx¿ d'6' yfd]/ ;f; /f]s]/ o; 3/af6 cfPsf] lrTsf/, xNnfvNnf, xf“;f] cflbnfO{ ;'Gg] k|of; ul//x]sf lyP . crfgs uf]nLx¿ rn]sf] cfjfh ;'g]kl5 pgLx¿ kl;gfkl;gf eP . To;sf] Ps}l5gkl5 pgLx¿n] xft]dfOsaf6 ul/Psf] cfu|x ;'g] . xft]dfOaf6 elg+b} lyof] –

        æcfb/0fLo ufp“n] bfh'efO–lbbLa}gLx¿ ⁄ ca tkfO{+x¿ 8/ gdflgsg aflx/ cfpg'eP x'G5 . cft+ssf/L dfl/O;s]sf 5g\ . s[kof tkfO{+x¿ aflx/ lg:sg'xf];\ ⁄Æ

        ufp“n]x¿ 8/ dfGb} la:tf/}–la:tf/} 3/af6 lg:s]/ 36gf 36]sf] 3/lt/ hDdf x'g yfn] . ;a}sf] dgdf pQ]hgf, cfj]u, 8/ tLa| lh1f;f lyof] . pgLx¿n] ;]gfåf/f Tof] 3/ rf/}lt/af6 3]l/Psf] b]v] . ;}lgsx¿ pRr ;ts{tf;fy rf/}lt/ /fOkmn ;f]em\ofP/ kf]lh;gdf a;]sf lyP . 3/sf] cf“ugdf rf/ hgfsf] nf; lyof]– nf]Ug], :jf:gL, 5f]/L / aRrfsf] . nf;x¿ IftljIft / /utn] ntkltPsf b]lvGy] . ufp“n]x¿ hDdf ePkl5 gfOs]n] eGof]– ‘cfb/0fLo bfh'efO–lbbLa}gLx¿ ⁄ b]zdf cft+ssf/Lx¿n] km}nfO/x]sf] xTof, lx+;f / cft+ssf] af/]df tkfO{+x¿nfO{ yfx} 5 . xfdL cft+sjfbsf lj?4df /ft / lbg gegL, hf8f] / udL{ gegL nl8/x]sf 5f}+ . t/ tkfO{+x¿sf] ;xfotfljgf xfdLn] dfq} cft+sjfbnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ sl7g 5 . To;}n] tkfO{+ hgtf / xfdL /fi6«;]js cfk;df ldn]/ cft+sjfbLx¿nfO{ gfd]6 kfg'{k5{ . cfh klg tkfO{++dWo]sf] /fi6«eQmn] ;"rgf glbPsf] eP xfdL oL cft+ssf/Lx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ug{ ;Sg] lyPgf}+ . ;"rgf lbP/ ;xof]u ug'{ePsf]df xflb{s wGojfb 5 . km]l/km]l/ klg o;/L g} xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ .Æ

        gfOs]sf] efif0f ufp“n]x¿n] cgf}7f] dfg]/ tyf cgf}7f] kf/fn] ;'g] . s;}s;}n] sfg]v';L u/]sf] klg b]lvof] . To;kl5 ;}lgsx¿ nf;x¿nfO{ tx nufpg]lt/ nfu] . ufp“n]x¿ la:tf/}–la:tf/} cf–cfgf 3/tkm{ kms{g yfn] .

        ef]lnkN6 laxfg uf]7NofO“ ul/;s]/ ufp“n]x¿ lrof vf“b} lyP . /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 ;dfrf/ cfO/x]sf] lyof] . ;dfrf/df cfg} ufp“df lxhf] /ftL 36]sf] 36gfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg yfn]sf] kfPkl5 pgLx¿ ;ts{ eP/ ;'Gg yfn] . ;dfrf/df elg+b} lyof]– æuP /flt klZrdL lhNnfsf] ;'vd"n] ufp“df ;]gf / cft+ssf/Lx¿aLr ePsf] bf]xf]/f] le8Gtdf tLghgf cft+ssf/Lx¿ dfl/Psf 5g\ . le8Gtsf] qmddf Pshgf ;fgf] afnssf] klg d[To' ePsf] 5 . ;]gfn] cft+ssf/Lx¿af6 b'O{ yfg /fOkmn, s]xL ;s]6 ad / aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfgx¿ a/fdb u/]sf] 5 . ;]gfn] To; If]qsf] jl/kl/sf gfsfx¿df Jofks gfsfaGbL u/L cft+ssf/Lx¿sf] vf]hL ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn] ufp“sf] l:ylt ;fdfGo /x]sf] 5 .Æ



        ptf To; 3/df rsdGg z"Gotf 5fPsf] lyof] . hd]sf] /utsf jl/kl/ emL+ufx¿ elGs/x]sf lyP . leQfdf b'O{cf]6f dfp;'nLx¿ To;} u/L lha|f] nknkfp“b} jl/kl/ l/+lu/x]sf b]lvGy] . 



pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb /
o;sf] d"n :j¿k;

 /d]zk|;fb e§/fO{

!= k"j{k[i7e"ld

        g]kfnsf] af}l4s If]qdf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb clxn] rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ 1fgsf] cfwf/ / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] qmflGtsf/L kfOnf]sf ¿kdf jsfnt u/L af}l4s ljnf;df /dfpg] a'l4hLjLx¿ Psflt/ 5g\ eg] o;sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ lr/kmf/ u/L e|dx¿af6 d'Qm x'g / kf7snfO{ ;d]t ;r]t kfg]{ cleofgdf nfUg] a'l4hLjLx¿ csf{lt/ 5g\ . cem pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;flxTo l;h{gf ug]{ gfddf o;sf af/]df e|d lbg vf]Hg] n]vs–;flxTosf/ klg g]kfnL l;h{gf–k/Dk/fdf b]lvPsf 5g\ eg] o;sf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts ts{sf] v08g u/L o;sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ kf7s;dIf /fVg] n]vs–;dfnf]rssf] ;ª\Vof klg a9\bf] 5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ …kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;h{gf / ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf cToGt qmflGtsf/L ¿kdf b]lvPsf]Ú / …ljlzi6 klxrfg ePsf]Ú egL cYof{pg] ;dfnf]rs / o;sf] d"n :j¿ksf] rrf{ ub}{ hLjglj/f]wL / ¿kjfbs} gof“ ;+:s/0fsf ¿kdf lrlqt ub}{ efiffjfbL, e|djfbL, ;dfhlj/f]wL, dfgjlj/f]wL / oyfl:yltjfbL ;flxTol;4fGtsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ cYof{pg] k|lqmof klg k|f/De ePsf] 5 .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf af/]df ax; k|f/De eO/x]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf o;sf] jf:tljs :j¿ksf af/]df lrGtg ug'{ cfjZos dfq xf]Og clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o'/f]k / cd]l/sf x'“b} g]kfn / ef/tdf ;d]t k|f/De ePsf] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ;f“RrL g} j[4 k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{ xf] jf xf]Og, o;sf] jf:tljs :j¿k s:tf] 5, o;sf cfly{s–;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld s]–s:tf /x]sf 5g\ h:tf ljifodf ax; ug]{ qmddf g} k|:t't sfo{kq tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] sfo{kq o;tkm{sf] clGtd lgisif{ geO{ ax;sf] ;'?jft dfq xf] . To;}n] o;df ;du| ljifonfO{ k|:t't gu/L o;sf d"n :j¿ksf af/]df dfq ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

@= k[i7e"ld

        pQ/cfw'lgsjfb cfw'lgs o'u (Modern age : df]6fdf]6L !(!$–!($( ;Dd_ sf lrGtg, bz{g / /fhgLltsf] lj/f]w ub}{ b]vfk/]sf] lrGtg xf] . cfw'lgs o'udf ljsl;t lrGtg, bz{g / ;+:s[ltsf] lj/f]wdf hGd]sf] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb Nof]tf/, af}lb|nfb{, ld;]n k'msf], Hofs 8]l/8f, k|m]8l/s h]d;gsf lrGtgdf cfwfl/t 5 / To;nfO{ ljleGg If]qdf cl3 a9fpg] o'/f]k–cd]l/sfsf a'l4hLjLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg o'/f]k–cd]l/sfsf] ;f+:s[lts–cfly{s cfwf/, sDo'lg:6 / dfS;{jfblj/f]wL ljrf/wf/f, pkef]Qmfjfb, pQ/kmf]8{jfb, Oltxf;sf] cGTo, e"d08nLs/0f, ax'/fli6«o sDkgL cflbn] o;nfO{ yk dnhn ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . o'/f]k cd]l/sfdf a9\bf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ;"rgf ;fd|fHo, /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;h:tf s'/f klg pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;Gbe{x¿ x'g\ . gof“ ljZjJoj:yf (New world order) eGb} pbf/jfb, ax'njfb, ;f+:s[lts l;4fGt / ;f+:s[lts gLltsf gfddf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ sfd pQ/k"“hLjfbn] u/]sf] 5 / zf]if0fsf gof“ ljlwx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L af“sL ljZjsf hgtfnfO{ pTkL8gdf kfg]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . 1fgsf] k0oLs/0f, ;"rgf–;~hfn, ljZjJofkL ljsf;, pRr ju{sf] 1fgh:tf zf]if0fsf cg]s tl/sfx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb cfh xfd|f] 3/–3/df lelqPsf] 5 / o;n] ;dfhsf ljz]iftM ;x/L ;dfhsf k|foM ;a}nfO{ :kz{ u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts k|:tfjgf / ltgn] l;h{gf ug]{ e|dnfO{ lgjf/0f ug}{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

#= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] hGdsf] cfwf/ s] xf] <

        klZrdsf] aL;f}+ ztfAbL k"jf{4{sf] Oltxf; cfw'lgstfjfbL cfGbf]ng xf] . o; ;dosf] ;+:s[ltdf ?;L qmflGtsf] k|efj Hofbf k¥of] / dfS;{jfb Pp6f zlQmzfnL bz{g / ;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'Uof] . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf sf/0f o'/f]k]nL ;dfhdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts hLjgdf kl/jt{g dfq NofPg, dhb'/sf] cg'zf;g / gof“ sfo{Joj:yf klg nfu" eof] . gof“ ahf/, gof“ sRrf kbfy{, gfkmfsf gof“ tl/sf / k'“hLsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{df k"“hLjfbn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;kmntfdf wSsf nfu]kl5 pm k|lt/IffTds cj:yfdf k'Uof] / /fi6«/fHox¿sf] pbo, lj:tf/ / ljsf;n] /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] klg ljsf; / ;Da4{g eof] .

        cfw'lgstfjfbn] ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf klg kl/jt{g Nofof] . pRr ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; eof] eg] dfS;{, k|mfo8, cfOG:6fOg cflbsf ljrf/x¿ :yflkt eP . z}nLdf gof“kg, ljrf/sf] s]Gb|Lotf, uDeL/tf, oyfy{  ;Tok|ltsf] df]xh:tf s'/fn] cfVofgsf] ljsf; eof] / To:tf] cfVofg dxfcfVofgsf] (Granarrative) jf dxfg\ l;4fGt (grandnarrative) sf ¿kdf b]vfk¥of] . hh{ n'sfr, P8f]gf]{, a|]Vt, uf]8fO{, Hjfo; / cfOG:6fOgn] 1fgsf] cfjZostf tyf ;To / 1fgsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df k|sfz kf/] . dfS;{jfb cfw'lgs o'usf] s]Gb|Lo bz{gsf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] / ;dfhnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;fdflhs d'lQmnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] lbzfdf of] a9L l;h{gfTds ¿kdf b]vfk¥of] .

        ;flxTo l;h{gfdf klg dxfg\ cfVofgn] g} k|>o kfof] . oyfy{jfb / k|s[tjfbsf] ljsf; eof] / ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb o; o'udf dxfg\ cfVofgsf ¿kdf /x\of] . h]D; Hjfo;, 6L=P;= Olno6, /f]a6{ k|m:6, 8L= Pr= n/]G;, Ou]g cf]lgn, Ph|f kfpG8, elh{lgof pNkm, 8An'aL O6\;h:tf ;flxTosf/ snfjfbL x'“bfx“'b} klg ljrf/sf] s]Gb|Lotfdf af“lwP / e|dnfO{ eGbf ;TonfO{ g} a9L hf]8 lbP .

        cfw'lgs o'usf] oxL kl/k|]Iodf bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 gof“ ljZjJoj:yf (New world order) sf] k|f/De eof] . k"“hLjfbL o'u ca pQ/cf}Bf]lus o'usf ¿kdf b]vfk¥of] . ^) sf] bzseGbfkl5 ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;“u} dfS;{jfbsf lj/f]wdf gof“ kl/of]hgfsf] ljsf; eof] . o;n] k|af]wg kl/of]hgf (Enlightenment project) sf] cGTo ePsf] / pQ/cfw'lgs kl/of]hgf (Postmodern project) sf] ;'?jft ePsf] eGb} dfS;{jfbsf lj/f]wdf gof“ ;f+:s[lts lrGtgsf] ;'?jft u¥of] . cfw'lgs o'usf] ;jf{lws ;zQm lrGtg / ;+:s[lt dfS;{jfbnfO{ dxfVofg (Grandnarrative) sf] gfd lbO{ ca dxfVofgsf] cGTo eO{ n3'cfVofg (Little narrative) jf clwcfVofg (Meta narrative) sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o;/L pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb cfw'lgstfsf] gfddf dfS;{jfb lj/f]wL ;f+:s[lts lrGtg xf] / o;sf] hGd g} dfS;{jfbsf lj/f]wsf ;Gbe{df ePsf] xf] .

$= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb eg]sf] s] xf] <

        pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{ Pp6} lsl;dn] kl/efiff ug{ ;lsGg . o;df kof{Kt ax'ntf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;ª\syg (discourse), dxfVofgsf] cGTo, lj;ª\36g, e|d jf clt oyfy{, pkef]Qmfjfb, ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt, pQ/ ;+/rgfjfb h:tf cjwf/0ffsf ;Gbe{af6 cf–cfk\mgf JofVof k|:t't u/L cYof{pg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf] cjwf/0ffdf kof{Kt t/ntf 5 -b];fO @))# M k[i7 !^&_ . cem h;/L JofVof u/] klg x'g] x'gfn] o;sf] JofVofdf v'nfkg klg /x]sf] 5 . Tolt eP/ klg oxf“ o;sf] zAbAo'TklQ / zAbk|of]usf ;Gbe{ x'“b} o;sf d'Vo cjwf/0ffsf dfWodaf6 pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ k|:6\ofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

$=! zAbJo'TklQ

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb (Postmodernism) pQ/cfw'lgs (Postmodern)  zAbsf] ljz]if0f hgfpg] zAb xf] . cª\u|]hL efiffdf of] zAb …kf]:6Ú -kl5 M after) / …df]8f]Ú -clxn] M just now) zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] zAb xf] h;nfO{ P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df ;d;fdlos jf jt{dfg o'u elgG5 . oxf“ jt{dfgsf] tfTko{ cfw'lgs o'ueGbf kl5sf] P]ltxfl;s sfnfjlw xf] . o; b[li6n] cfw'lgs o'ukl5sf] ;donfO{ g} pQ/cfw'lgs o'u / To;kl5sf] ljrf/, lrGtg / ;+:s[ltnfO{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{ a'emfpg clxn] …;"rgf ;dfhÚ, …pQ/cf}Bf]lustfjfbÚ, …;"rgf o'uÚ, …bf];|f] d]l8of o'uÚ, …pRr cfw'lgstfÚ, …clw cfw'lgstfÚ, …cltcfw'lgstfÚ h:tf zAbsf] klg k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

$=@ zAbk|of]u

        pQ/cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df k|foM pQ/cfw'lgstf (Postmodernity) / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb (Post modernism) zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfn] cfw'lgstfkl5sf] o'u / cj:yfnfO{ a'emfp“5 . cfw'lgs o'udf lgld{t ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;DaGwsf] cGTo eO{ gof“ cj:yfsf ¿kdf pQ/cfw'lgstf zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 tfklg pQ/cfw'lgstfnfO{ Ps} ¿kdf a'em\g ;lsGg / o;sf ljleGg ;Defljt cy{ /x]sf 5g\ . -nfog @))! M k[i7 xi) tfklg pQ/cfw'lgstf pQ/cf}Bf]lus o'usf ljljw bz{g / cfGbf]ng;“u ;Da4 5 . o;nfO{ cfw'lgstfsf] ljk/Lt ;Gbe{df klg lnOPsf] kfOG5 . pQ/cfw'lgs ax'njfbL ;dfhsf] /fhgLltsf ¿kdf pQ/cfw'lgstf cfPsf] 5 / dfS;{jfbnufotsf k|af]wg kl/of]hgfsf lj?4sf] j}rfl/s lrGtgsf ¿kdf o;sf] pkl:ylt ePsf] 5 . o; cfwf/df pQ/cfw'lgstf pQ/k"“hLjfbL o'usf] ljrf/, bz{g / ;fdflhs cj:yf klg xf] / oL tLgj6}sf] ;lDdng klg xf] .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb d"ntM snfIf]qsf] ljifo xf] . pQ/cfw'lgs o'usf] snfjfbL wf/0ff, ljrf/ / lrGtgsf] ;du| gfd g} pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb xf] . of] pQ/cfw'lgs o'usf] ;f+:s[lts ts{ xf] / h]D;gsf zAbdf eGbf j[4 k"“hLjfb jf pkef]QmfjfbL k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{ xf] .

        pQ/cfw'lgs o'u, ;Gbe{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ hgfpg b'j} zAbnfO{ ;dfg cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 . cem sltko n]vsn] t ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df klg pQ/cfw'lgstf zAbs} k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ -6]n/ @))! M k[i7 @)$_ . o;f] x'“bf pQ/cfw'lgstf / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ ;dfg cy{df k|of]u ubf{ klg cK7\of/f] kg]{ b]lvGg .

$=# cy{

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ cYof{pg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o;sf s'g} Pp6} cy{ / ;Gbe{ 5}gg\ . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ ljleGg ¿kdf cYof{p“b} cfPsf 5g\ . tL ljåfg\x¿sf cy{nfO{ x]/]/ o;sf af/]df lgDg lgisif{ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

l    pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb s'g} klg ljifosf] uxgtf (depth) / ;Tj÷cl:tTj (essence) sf] lj/f]wL 5 .

l    o;n] ;du| (total)  / ;fj{ef}lds (universel) s'/fsf] lj/f]w u5{ / ToxL cfwf/df dfS;{, b'lv{d, a]j/, k|mfo8nufotsf lrGtssf dxfg\ l;4fGtx¿sf] lj/f]wL /x]sf] 5  .

l    pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf b[li6df jt{dfg ;dfhsf ;a} lrh / ljrf/ ;txL / c:yfoL 5g\ .

l    ;dfh ljleGg ;+:s[lt, hflt / ax'ntfdf ljtl/t 5 . o;n] 1fgsf] åGåjfbL cj:yfnfO{ k|:t't ug]{ x'gfn] dfG5]sf] ofqfdf Pp6} dxfg\ kl/jf/ (large-family) sf] kl/sNkgf ;Dej 5}g .

l    Nof]tf8{sf b[li6df jt{dfgsf] j}1flgs 1fg t6:y 5}g . o;n] s'g} 1fg lb+b}g o;n] t dfq ;Lk / k|ljlw dfq lbG5 . To;}n] j}1flgsx¿ ;a} cfVofgsf lgdf{tf x'g\ / ltgn] cfVofg dfq lgdf{0f u5{g\ . -pgsf b[li6df cg';Gwfgkq, k|fSsNkgf, Oltxf; ;a} cfVofg x'g\_ . 1fgsf k|To]s zfvf v]n h:t} x'g\ / o;df efiff dfq 5 h;n] 1fgsf] ;Ldf agfpg] sfo{ u5{ / o;n] cgGt ;Defjgf;“u r'gf}tL ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] l;4fGtsf/, cg';Gwftf jf n]vs ;Lldttfleq} v]N5 lsgeg] lj1fg dfq} dxfVofg xf] / o;n] ;fj{ef}lds kIfsf] dfq jsfnt u5{ .

l    ;dfh lj1fgn] ;To jf oyfy{sf] j0f{g ub}{g . af}lb|nfb{sf cg';f/ o;n] ;w}“ lbG5 / em'Sofp“5 dfq To;sf nflu ;Í]t / ljDax¿ k|:t't u5{ . e|dsf] ljZj eGgfn] cltoyfy{sf] ljZj xf] To;}n] jt{dfg;“u oyfy{sf] jf:tljs :j¿k ;Dej 5}g .

        o;/L pQ/cfw'lgstf ax'njfbL / ljljwtfsf] bz{g xf] . o;n] ;dfhnfO{ ;du|tfdf x]b}{g / k"“hL, pkef]Qmf e|dsf cfwf/df hLjgsf] JofVof ub{5 . o;n] 1fg / zlQmsf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df ljZjnfO{ x]b{5 . pkef]usf cfwf/df ;dfh / JolQmnfO{ x]g]{ x'gfn] o;sf] rl/q 3f]/ k"“hLjfbL /x]sf] 5 .

%= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ljsf; s;/L eof] <

        o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k|z:t rrf{ x'g yfn]sf] nueu tLg bzs k"/f eP klg pQ/cfw'lgsjfbsf] ;'?jft !(%) kl5 b]lv g} x'g yfn]sf] xf] . o;sf] ljsf;df tLg kIfx¿sf] a9L e"ldsf /x]sf] 5– pQ/cf}Bf]lus jf ;"rgfk|ljlwo'Qm ;dfh, pQ/kmf]8{jfb / To;sf] pkof]u tyf pQ/cfw'lgs ;+j]bgzLntf -cfnd]lGbª\u/ @))# M k[i7 %%_ . lkmlnk cfnd]lGbª\u/sf cg';f/ o;sf d"n ;Gbe{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

        k'msf]sf] zlQm / 1fgsf] l;4fGt tyf ;Íyg l;4fGt, 8]l/8fsf] leGgtf / ljv08g, Nof]tf8{sf] dxfVofgsf] cGTo / pQ/cfw'lgs cj:yfsf] j0f{g, af}lb|nfb{sf] pkef]QmfjfbL ;dfh / k|tLsfTds ljlgod (symbolic exchange), h]d;gsf] j[4 k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{sf] l;4fGt, /f]nf“ jfy{sf] …n]vssf] d[To'Ú sf] cjwf/0ff, ax'/fli6«o sDkgL / pQ/cf}Bf]lus cj:yf, Oltxf;sf] cGTo, Ps w'|jLo ljZj, e"d08nLs/0f / :yfgLo åGå cflb .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf oL ljleGg ;Gbe{ x'“bfx'“b} klg o;sf] ;'?jft !($%–%) -bf];|f] ljZjo'4_ kl5 ePsf] xf] . x'g t pQ/cfw'lgs zAbsf] k|of]u o;eGbf cl3b]lv x'g yfn]sf] lyof] . ;j{k|yd …kf]:6df]8g{Ú zAbsf] k|of]u !(@$ df cfgf]{N8 6f]ogaLn] u/]sf lyP . pgn] Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df !(!* / !(#( sf] cjlwnfO{ pQ/cfw'lgs eg]sf 5g\ / To;} ;donfO{ hgfpg p;n] …kf]:6 df]8g{Ú zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ljsf;df ;+/rgfjfbsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . ;:o'/sf] ;+/rgfjfbsf] o'/f]k–cd]l/sfdf /x]sf] k|efj / To;n] efifflj1fg / ;dfhlj1fgsf If]qdf NofPsf] kl/jt{gn] To; ;dosf ah'{jf a'l4hLjL -ljz]iftM ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks_ x¿nfO{ cfslif{t u¥of] . To;s} cWoogsf qmddf ;Í]t, ;Í]ts, ;Í]ltt h:tf zAb / ltgsf ;Gbe{sf] rrf{ x'g yfNof] . 8]l/8f, km'sf]nufotsf pQ/;+/rgfjfbLx¿n] ;:o'/af6} cfwf/ u|x0f u/L pQ/;+/rgfjfbL cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/] . cy{nfO{ s]Gb| dfGg] k|j[lQsf] lj/f]wdf cfPsf] pQ/;+/rgfjfb pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbs} Pp6f z[ª\vnfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . 8]l/8f, k'msf], /f]nf“ jfy{nufotsf] Pp6f ;d"x pQ/;+/rgfjfbL b}nf]af6 pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ljsf;sf cGo ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf k"“hLjfbsf] If]qdf &) kl5 b]vfk/]sf] …pQ/kmf]8{jfbLÚ cy{zf:qLo l;4fGt / ax'/f{li6«o sDkgLn] slyt gof“ ljZjJoj:yfsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ tof/ kf/] . o;} ;dodf k|mfG;]nL a'l4hLjL Nof]tf8{n] Sofg8f ;/sf/sf nflu …lb kf]:6df]8g{ slG8;g M P l/kf]6{ cg gn]hÚ zLif{ssf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/] . To; ;dodf eO/x]sf] ;"rgf–k|ljlw / To;sf] ;f+:s[lts cj:yfsf] rrf{ ub}{ Nof]tf8{n] gof“ ljZj Joj:yfsf] l:yltdf gof“ vfnsf] cj:yfsf] j0f{g o;df u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] o;eGbf k"j{sf /fhgLlt, bz{g, ;dfh ;a}sf] cGTo ePsf] eGb} dfS;{jfbL ;fj{ef}lds ljrf/sf :yfgdf 6'qm] ljrf/ / 6'qm] /fhgLltsf] o'u ;'? ePsf] egL pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k'“hLjfbL bfz{lgs, cfly{s / ;fdflhs cfwf/ tof/ kf/] . ToxL ;dob]lv pQ/cfw'lgstf pQ/k"“hLjfbL o'usf] aofg ug]{ pb\3f]if0fsf ;fy b]vfk¥of] .

        cem ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] ktg, k'ms'ofdfsf] Oltxf;sf] cGTosf] wf/0ffn] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL j[4 k"“hLjfbnfO{ ;f; eg]{ sfo{ u/] . To;nfO{ dnhn ug]{ sfo{ ax'/fli6«o k"“hLjfbn] u¥of] . To;sf] k|rf/df gof“ vfnsf] 6]sgf]nf]hLsf] pkof]u ul/of] / o'/f]k–cd]l/sfsf a'l4hLjLn] o;nfO{ xf]–xNnfsf ;fy k|rf/ ug]{ sfo{ u/] . ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf …pRr ;+:s[ltÚ (high culture)  / …lgDg ;+:s[ltÚ (low culture) …bldt ;+:s[ltÚ (dominent culture) sf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t u/L pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL /fhgLltsf] k[i7kf]if0f ul/of] . …dxfg\ 1fgÚ / …dxfg\ j[QFGtÚ nfO{ cf]em]ndf kfg]{ k|oTg eof] / To;sf] ;§f …n3' 1fgÚ nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ sfo{ eof] . pkef]QmfjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L pkef]QmfjfbL k"“hLjfbnfO{ alnof] kfg]{ sfo{ ul/of] . o;/L pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ cfw'lgstfsf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k hGd]sf] slyt gof“ lrGtgsf ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ sfo{ eof] .

^= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf d"n lrGts / lrGtg

^=! k'msf] / ;Qfsf] ;ª\syg

        k|yd r/0fdf g} pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb pQ/–k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{sf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . k'msf]sf] 1fgsf] k'/fzf:q, ;Qfsf] ;ª\syg / 1fgsf] l;4fGtn] cfk"m k"j{sf ;du| 1fgsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] 5 / juL{o zlQm, ;QFsf] zlQm cflbeGbf ;dfhn] zlQm lgdf{0f u5{ eGg] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . k'msf] ;QFsf] ;"Id /fhgLlt (micro-politics) df ?lr /fV5g\ / ;QF (power) nfO{ ax'cg'zf;gfTds (multi-disciplinary) dfG5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;Qf ;dfhsf] :t/df cfwfl/t x'G5 . k'msf]sf wf/0ff lgT;]sf] ;QF / 1fgsf] wf/0ffaf6 k|efljt 5 . lgT;]df h'g z"Gojfb / lg/fzfjfb 5 k'msf] klg ToxL lg/fzfjfbaf6 k|efljt 5g\ .

        k'msf]sf] bf];|f] ;Gbe{ xf]– ;ª\syg (discourse)  . pgsf b[li6df ;QF, 1fg / ;To ;Íyg / kf7;“u ;Da4 x'G5g\ . ;Íyg ;fdflhs ;+:yf / cg'zf;gdf x'G5 / ck/fw, e|i6frf/, g]t[Tj, ufp“, ;x/, ljsf;, k"“hLjfb ;a} ;Íyg x'g\ . ;Íyg ;a}lt/ 5 / of] ;+:s[ltaf6 ;+:s[lt;Dd ;l//xG5 . o;/L 1fgnfO{ ;QF dfGg] k'msf]n] ;To klg ;Qfaf6 lg:sg] atfPsf 5g\ . ;QF / lgoGq0f Ps–csf{;“u ;DalGwt 5g\ / ;Qf bdgfTds (Repressive) dfq geO{ pTkfbs klg x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff k'msf]sf] 5 .

        k'msf]sf oL l;4fGt / cjwf/0ff efiffjfbL / kf7jfbL /x]sf 5g\ . pgL ;dfh, 1fg, zlQm ;a}nfO{ ;Íygs} ;Gbe{df x]b{5g\ . pQ/;+/rgfjfbL lrGtgdf k'msf]n] kf7fTdstf (textuality) d} ;a} yf]s b]v]sf 5g\ / zlQmsf v]ndf kf7s} ;Íyg ;lDdlnt /x]sf] 5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf 5g\ . …kf7fTdstfÚ sf] l;4fGtnfO{ /fhgLlts–;fdflhs zlQm, ljrf/wf/f, 1fgsf] pTklQ dfg]/ k'msf]n] dg'io, dfgjtf, hLjg / oyfy{sf] pk]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ k'msf] c¿ sf]xL geP/ lgT;]sf] gsf/jfbL l;4fGtsf gjJofVoftf x'g\ / Oltxf;, j:t'k/s 1fg, j}1flgstf, cflbnfO{ zflAbs qmL8f dfq dfGg] k'msf] ljv08gjfbL 8]l/8fsf] ;d]t glhs /x]sf 5g\ .

^=@ 8]l/8f / ljv08gsf] /fhgLlt

        k'msf]kl5 8]l/8fn] pQ/;+/rgfjfbsf ;Gbe{af6 pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtgsf] jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . 8]l/8fsf] bz{g / lrGtg ljv08g, e|d, leGgtf, ljs]Gb|0fh:tf wf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . 8]l/8fn] lgT;] / xfO8]u/af6 …ljlgdf{0fjfbÚ sf] ;"q ln“b} pQ/;+/rgfjfbL lrGtg k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] n]vgnfO{ :jtGq qmL8f (free play) dfGb} kf7sf] cy{sf] clglZrttfsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . kf7sf] cy{df x:tIf]k ug'{, cy{sf] cl:y/tfsf] cy{nfO{ s]Gb|df Nofpg lgif]w ug'{ / cjwf/0ffnfO{ PsTj ug{ glbO{ v08–v08 ug'{h:tf ljz]iftf / kf7s]Gb|L cjwf/0ffsf sf/0f 8]l/8f kf7jfbL, efiffjfbL dfq 5}gg\ pgL ¿kjfbL, snfjfbL / hLjglj/f]wL klg b]vfk5{g\ .

        8]l/8fsf] ljv08gsf] cfwf/ kf7 eP klg To;}n] ;fdflhs :j¿k klg u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . pgL ;dfhnfO{ pN6f] kfg{ rfxG5g\, eTsfpg rfxG5g\ . PsTjnfO{ xNnfP/, v08df 6'qm\ofP/ / JolQms]Gb|L agfP/ pgn] pQ/k"“hLjfbL ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] bfz{lgs, eflifs / ;fdflhs cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . ljlgdf{0fjfbn] pgsf] oxL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . cy{sf] ;Lldttfsf gfddf p2]ZoxLgtfsf] k|bz{g ug]{ / kf7fTds åGåsf] rrf{ ubf{ub}{ klg ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;Gbe{sf] pk]Iffsf sf/0f 8]l/8f o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf g} cfnf]Ro /x]sf 5g\ .

^=# Nof]tf8{ / dxfVofgsf] cGTo

        k'msf] / 8]l/8f pQ/;+/rgfjfbL If]qaf6 k|j]z u/]sf lrGts x'g\ eg] Nof]tf8{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbs} JofVoftf / lrGts x'g\ . Nof]tf8{n] …nf slG8;g kf]:6df]8g{Ú (The post modern condition : A Report on Knowledge : cª\u|]hL cg'jfb !(*$_ dfkm{t\ pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . Nof]tf8{n] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ pQ/cfw'lgs o'usf] k|ljlw / 1fg;“u ;Da4 u/L cfk\mgf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . Sofgf8fnL ;/sf/sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] o; k|ltj]bgdf Nof]tf8{n] ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g / 1fgsf] pTkfbgn] ubf{ jt{dfg o'u pQ/cfw'lgs o'u ePsf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . Nof]tf8{sf] of] k|ltj]bg klZrdsf] pRr k"“hLjfbL ;dfhsf lj1fg–k|ljlw, sDKo'6/ / sDo'6/ efiff, gof“ efiffsf] vf]hLsf qmddf k'/fgf] efiffsf] nf]k tyf ;"rgfsf] e08f/0f / tYofª\s a}+sh:tf ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . Nof]tf8{n] pGgf;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTokl5sf] /fhgLlts, ;flxTo / snf tyf To;n] klZrdL ljZjdf NofPsf] cfw'lgstfsf] rrf{ ubf{ To;sf] cGTokl5sf] ljsl;t ljZjsf] cj:yfsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . Nof]tf8{sf] JofVofdf 1fgsf] lgld{lt, o;sf] lgoGq0f / kx'“rsf af/]df k|Zg p7fOPsf] 5 / To;sf] pQ/ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

        Nof]tf8{sf] pQ/cfw'lgs JofVofdf k|o'Qm k|d'v ;Gbe{ dxfVofgsf] cGt / n3'cfVofgsf] pbo, j}1flgs cfVofg, dxfg\ lj1fg / n3'lj1fg cflb 5g\ . Nof]tf8{n] cfk"m k"j{sf dxfg\ cfVofg lqml:roflg6L, dfS;{jfb, dgf]ljZn]if0f cflbsf] cGTo ePsf] / clwcfVofgsf] pbo ePsf] rrf{ u/L d"ntM dxfg\ ljrf/sf ¿kdf pbo ePsf] dfS;{jfbsf lj?4df cfk\mgf] n]vg s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf b[li6df lj1fgn] ;To kQf nufpg ;Sb}g / ca  lj1fg ;Lldt ;+:yfx¿sf] ldys dfq ag]sf] 5 . lj1fgsf] lglZrt efiff 5 / To;n] cfk\mg} ;Ldfdf dfq} cfk\mgf wf/0ffnfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] lj1fg k|ultzLn klg 5}g / k"0f{ 1fg klg xf]Og . k/Dk/fut 1fg cfVofgdf cfwfl/t 5 / k|af]wg o'usf] 1fg ts{, cg'ej, pbf/jfb, k|hftfGqLs/0fdf cfwfl/t 5g\ eGb} Nof]tf8{n] k|sfo{k/stf / dfS;{jfb g} ;du|jfb tyf ul/a–wgLaLr o'4sf] l;h{gf ug]{ cfVofg x'g\ eGg] dt k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . t/ casf] o'udf oL dxfg\ cfVofgx¿sf] cGTo e;s]sf] 5 / clwcfVofgsf] hGd ePsf] 5 eGg] dt pgsf] 5 . 

        Nof]tf8{n] cfVofgnfO{ eflifs v]n (language game) dfq 7x/ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf b[li6df ;fdflhs ;DaGw klg oxL eflifs v]ndf cfwfl/t 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQ/cfw'lgs /fhgLlt klg n3'–/fhgLltdf ljeflht 5 / zlQmnfO{ tNnf] txdf s]lGb|t ug'{ g} cfhsf] /fhgLlts d"n nIo xf] .

        Nof]tf8{sf b[li6df ju{o'4sf] l;4fGtsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 / ;du| 1fg eGg] s'/f x/fPsf] 5 . To;}n] casf] 1fg hghflt, blnt cflbdf s]lGb|t 5 . ju{ r]tgfsf] cGTokl5 /fhgLlt h]G8/, hghflt, pd]/, n}lËs ;+r]tgf cflbdf ljeflht 5 eGg] dfGotf Nof]tf8{sf] 5 . To;}n] Nof]tf8{ ju{åGåsf] :yfg ;f+:s[lts åGå (cultural conflict) n] lnPsf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/L kl5 k/]sf / cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xsf lxtdf /fhgLltnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L dfS;{jfbsf lj?4df ljifjdg ug{ k'U5g\ .

        Nof]tf8{sf] k|ltj]bg o'/f]k, cd]l/sfdf dfS;{jfbsf lj?4sf] Pp6f c:q xf] / pQ/k"“hLjfbL o'usf] Pp6f if8\oGq klg xf] . dxfg\ cfVofg gfds/0f u/L dfS;{jfbsf] cGTo ug]{ k"“hLjfbL kl/of]hgf (capitalist project) sf ¿kdf ;d]t of] cfPsf] 5 . ctLtsf] 1fgnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf gsfg]{ Nof]tf8{n] ;"rgf–;~hfn, sDKo'6/, tYofÍ a}+sh:tf hfu{gx¿ k|of]u u/L dfS;{jfbsf] lj?4df cfk\mgf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\ / d]l;g, sDKo'6/, ;"rgf;fd|fHosf dfWodaf6 k"“hLjfbsf] ljsNkxLgtfsf gfddf pQ/k"“hLjfbL ;dfhsf] jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ .

^=$ af}lb|nfb{ / pkef]QmfjfbL ;+:s[lt

        ;'?df dfS;{jfbL n]vgdf k|j[Q af}lb|nfb{ zlQm, Oltxf; / oyfy{sf] cl:tTjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ a'l4hLjL x'g\ . af}lb|nfb{n] cfk\mgf] lrGtgnfO{ sDKo'6/b]lv 8L=Pg=P= x'“b} Go'of]s{sf] jN8{ 6«]8 ;]G6/;Dd lj:tfl/t u/]sf 5g\ . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg af}lb|nfb{sf] rrf{sf] d'Vo If]qrflx“ 5ngf(simulation) / pkef]Qmfjfb (consumarism) x'g\ . af}lb|nfb{sf cg';f/ k|ljlwsf] ljikmf]6sf sf/0f casf] o'udf s'g} klg ljifosf] cflwsfl/stf (authenticity) /x]sf] kfOGg . o;sf] :yfg ca simulcare -5ngf_ n] lnPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf oyfy{sf] s'g} ;DaGw 5}g / cltoyfy{ (hyperreal) sf sf/0f cy{x¿ x/fPsf 5g\ . cfw'lgstfn] oyfy{sf h'g cj:yf k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] pQ/cfw'lgstfn] To:tf] cj:yf u'dfPsf] 5 . ca dflg;n] s'g ;To xf] / s'g c;To xf], s'g 7Ls xf] / s'g a]l7s xf] egL 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf] x'gfn] ;To / oyfy{ e|d ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . ;~rf/sf] ljZjJofkLs/0f / ;Ël7t ;"rgf ;~hfnsf sf/0f gof“ ljZj Joj:yfn] pkef]usf] gof“ cj:yf hGdfPsf] 5 . ljlgod d"No (Exchange value) ca k|tLs d"No (symbolic value) sf ¿kdf ;f6km]/ ePsf] 5 / casf] o'usf] d"n s]Gb| pkef]Qmfjfb x'g k'u]sf] 5 . dfS;{sf] ju{df cfwfl/t ;dfh juL{s/0fsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . ca dfn / To;sf] pkef]udf g} ;dfh /dfpg] x'gfn] ctLtn] sf]N6] km]/]sf] 5 . clxn] cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts b'j} txdf dflg;sf] ;d"x pkef]QmfjfbL ag]sf] 5 / ax'/fli6«o sDkgL, 1fgsf] k0oLs/0f tyf ;"rgf–k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f cfhsf] o'u cltcfw'lgs, pRrcfw'lgs / pQ/cfw'lgs aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

        pkef]Qmfjfbsf] wf/0ff dfS;{jfbL /x] klg af}lb|nfb{n] o;nfO{ dfS;{jfb leGg ;Gbe{df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pkef]Qmfjfb / 5ngfnfO{ jt{dfg o'usf] ljifo agfpg] af}lb|nfb{ …ju{Ú, …;dfhÚ / ;dfhzf:qs} lj/f]wL /x]sf 5g\ . pgL cltoyfy{sf gfddf oyfy{sf] lj/f]w ub{5g\ jt{dfgnfO{ 5ngf (simulation) ;dfhsf] ¿kdf x]b{5g\ . pgsf b[li6df oyfy{ eGg] s'/f 5“b} 5}g / km];g, jftfj/0fLo l8hfOg, ljrf/–kfs{, 6]lnkmf]g / ;fOa/ 6]Sgf]nf]hLsf sf/0f k'g?Tkfbg, ljDa, k|ltljDag / df]8]nh:tf s'/fsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;n] oyfy{sf] cGTo u/L cltoyfy{nfO{ hGdfPsf] 5 . oyfy{sf] cg'kl:yltsf sf/0f ljDa (image), k'g?Tkfbg h:tf s'/f cfPsf 5g\ / o;n] g} pkef]QmfjfbnfO{ hGdfPsf] 5 . ;Í]t (sign) / ljDasf sf/0f pTkfbgn] ahf/ kfPsf] 5 / lj1fkgn] dfnsf] ;Í]tLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] x'“bf pkef]Qmfjfbsf] a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 eGg] wf/0ff pgsf] 5 . o;/L af}lb|nfb{ ;a} k|sf/sf oyfy{sf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L dfS;{jfbsf] ;fj{ef}d;Tosf lj?4 k"“hLjfbL e|i6Ls/0fdf /dfpg k'Ub5g\ .

^=% h]d;g M j[4 k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf dfS;{jfbL JofVoftf h]d;gn] pQ/cfw'lgsjfbnfO{ j[4 k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{sf ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ o;nfO{ k"“hLjfbs} lg/Gt/tf ePsf] lgisif{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . h]d;g pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] cfVofgsf] wf/0ffdf ;xdt x'“bfx'“b} klg dfS;{jfbL cfVofg jt{dfg o'usf] pkof]uL / ;fdlos cfVofg ePsf] wf/0ff k|:t't ub{5g\ . pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ pgn] k"“hLjfbL zf]if0fsf] pRr ¿k / k"“hLjfbk|ltsf] tLj| k|lta4tfsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgn] o;nfO{ pkef]QmfjfbL pQ/ cf}Bf]lus k"“hLjfb, cGt/f{li6«o k"“hLjfb, ;"rgf;fd|fHojfbsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf b[li6df j[xb\ k"“hLjfbsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;"rgf–;fd|fHosf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 / o;n] j[4 k"“hLjfbsf] ;f+:s[lts ts{nfO{ dnhn u/]sf] 5 . h]d;gn] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ d"ntM lgDg a'“bfdf lrgfPsf 5g\ .

l    pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ;txL / ufDeL/tfxLg ;dfh xf] . of] k"“hLjfbsf] ;a}eGbf ;txL cj:yf xf] .

l    of] cltj}olQms ;dfhsf] ;f+:s[lts lrGtg xf] . dfgjtf, dfgjLo ;Defjgf, ju{ k|lta4tf gePsf] / sdhf]/ ;+j]bgfsf] o'u xf] .

l    pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb Oltxf;jfbsf] nf]k ePsf] o'u xf] . Oltxf;sf] lg/Gt/tf x/fPsf] of] o'u k"j{Oltxf; / z}nLsf] cGwfg's/0f ul/Psf] t/ To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] cj:yf xf] . Oltxf;ljxLg cj:yfdf /xL jt{dfgsf] låljwfdf af“Rg' o; o'usf] ljz]iftf xf] .

l    pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb jt{dfg k|ljlwdf lge{/ 5 . 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/nufot ljB'tLo dfWodsf sf/0f o;n] leGg lsl;dsf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .

l    pQ/cfw'lgstf ax'/fli6«o k"“hLjfbdf cfwfl/t 5 / o;n] ljZjJofkL ¿ksf] zf]if0fnfO{ tLa| agfPsf] 5 .

l    ahf/ k"“hLjfbaf6 k|f/De ePsf] ljZjk"“hLjfb Psflwsf/ k"“hLjfb (Monopoly capitalism) x'“b} ax'/f{li6«o k"“hLjfb (Multinational Capitalism) df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . of] j[4 k"“hLjfb xf] / ljZj–;"rgf ;~hfn / ax'/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s ;+:yfn] o;nfO{ zlQmzfnL agfPsf 5g\ . /fi6«/fHo (Nation state) sf] ;LdfnfO{ eTsfP/ cfk\mgf] k|e'Tj sfod u/]sf] o;nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] sfd gof“ pkef]Qmf / ju{df cfwfl/t ahf/n] ug]{5 / dWod ju{n] k'gM cfk\mgf] zlQmnfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{ x'“bf dfS;{jfb cem} klg zlQmzfnL cfVofgs} ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

^=^ k'ms'ofdf M Oltxf;sf] cGTosf] wf/0ff

        k"jL{ o'/f]k / ;f]leot ;ª\3df ;fDojfbsf] ktgkl5 pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] dfS;{jfbL lj/f]wL kl/of]hgfdf yk an k'Ub5 . oxL a]nf cd]l/sL k"“hLjfbL /fhgLltzf:qL k'ms'ofdfn] …Oltxf;sf] cGToÚ (end of history) sf] 3f]if0ff u/] . Oltxf;sf] k|ultjfbL ljsf; / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df hd{g bfz{lgs x]u]nn] k|of]u u/]sf] kbfjnLnfO{ pQ/k"“hLjfbL ;Gbe{df k'ms'ofdfn] klg k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . !(*( df k|sflzt pgsf] n]vdf k|:t't cjwf/0ffnfO{ To; ;dosf dfS;{jfbL a'l4hLjLn] dfq geO{ cGo a'l4hLjLn] ;d]t rsf]{ lj/f]w hgfPsf 5g\ . ;fDojfbsf] ktgkl5 pbf/ k|hftGq / k"“hLjfbsf] :yfoL ljsf; ;Dej ePsf] wf/0ff k|:t't ug]{ k'ms'ofdfn] ljrf/wf/fsf] ljsf; / kfZrfTo pbf/ k|hftGqsf] ;fj{hlgstfsf kIfdf jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . …Oltxf;sf] cGToÚ ;“u} ljrf/wf/fTds k|lt:kwf{sf] cGTo ePsf] x'“bf pbf/ k|hftGq g} Ps dfq ljsNk ePsf] ts{ k'ms'ofdfsf] 5 .

        k'mlsofdfsf] pQm ljrf/ lgtfGt k"“hLjfbL ;f]rsf] pkhsf ¿kdf b]lvG5 . To;}n] pgsf ljrf/sf af/]df k|z:t cf}+nf 78\ofOPsf] 5 . x]N8 -!((@_ n] ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] c;dfgtf /x'Gh]n;Dd k'ms'ofdfsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL JolQmjfbL dfGotf 7Ls gx'g] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ha;Dd …:jtGqtf / ;dfgtfÚsf] ;'lglZrttf x'“b}g ta;Dd ljrf/wf/fTds n8fO“ ;dfKt gx'g] wf/0ff pgsf] /x]sf] 5 . cy{tGqsf] ljZjJofkL c;dfgtfsf sf/0f /fli6«o, hfltut, wfld{s / /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf åGåx¿ ljBdfg /xG5g\ / To;n] gof“ vfn] åGåsf] l;h{gf dfq ub}{g gof“ vfnsf] zlQm lgdf{0f eO{ cfGbf]ngsf] ;Defjgf klg /lx/xG5 eGg] wf/0ff k"“hLjfbL lrGtsx¿s} 5 .

        s] ;f“Rr} Oltxf;sf] cGTo ePs} xf] t < s] ca ;fDojfbsf gof“ ;Defjgf 5}gg\ < sDo'lgHd ca p7\g} g;Sg] u/L ynf k/]s} xf] t < lgZro g} oL k|Zgn] sltko a'l4hLjLnfO{ ;tfPs} klg xf] . oyfy{df Oltxf;sf] cGTo ePsf] 5}g / of] t Oltxf;sf] c:yfoL wSsf dfq xf] . ljZjJofkLs/0f÷e"d08nLs/0f / ax'/fli6«o sDkgLsf sf/0f cfh dhb'/x¿sf] klg ljZjJofkLs/0f ePsf] 5 . ljZj dhb'/sf] Pstf / ;Ë7gsf] ;Defjgf 5“b}5 eg] dfS;{jfbLx¿ klg gof“ prfO, ;f]r / cjwf/0ffsf ;fy cfk"mnfO{ ;Ël7t ul//x]s} 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ax'/fli6«o k"“hLjfb c:yfoL ¿kdf zlQmzfnL /x] klg ljZjsf dhb'/ ju{sf] Pstfsf ;Defjgf klg k|jn alg/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L Oltxf;sf] cGTosf] 3f]if0ff dfS;{jfblj/f]wL kl/of]hgf eP klg ljZjs} dfS;{jfbL a'l4hLjLn] o;sf] hjfkm lbO;s]sf 5g\ .

&= gof“ ljZjJoj:yf (New world order)
eg]sf] s] xf] < ;

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbcGtu{t kof{Kt rrf{ x'g] ljifo gof“ ljZj Joj:yf klg xf] . gof“ ljZjJoj:yfcGtu{t cy{tGq, k|ljlw / ;fdflhs ju{nfO{ lnOg] u/]sf] 5 .

        !($% eGbfkl5 kfZrfTo ljZjsf] cy{Joj:yf kmf]8{jfbaf6 8f]l/Psf] lyof] eg] /fHosf] cfly{s Jojxf/ lsG;jfbdf cfwfl/t lyof] . /fi6«/fHo (nation-states)sf] cfly{s gLlt log} b'O{ cfly{s l;4fGtaf6 8f]l/Psf] o; o'udf klZrdL ljZjn] 7"nf] dfqfsf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] lyof] . t/ !(&) kl5 oL cfly{s l;4fGtn] k"“hLjfbL ljZjdf ;Í6 lgDTofpg] sfo{ u/] . !(&@ df t]n ;Í6 b]vfk¥of] eg] pTkfbg / pkef]usf If]qdf klg ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/] . pTkfbgsf] 7"nf] dfqfn] b]vfPsf] ;Í6 ;dfwfg ug{ Ps} k|sf/sf j:t'sf] j[xb\ pTkfbgsf ;§fdf gof“ k|ljlw / pkef]Qmfsf ?lrdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft eof] . sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f of] ;Dej klg x'g;Sof] .

        sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t pTkfbg k|0ffnL;“u} ;Lko'Qm dhb'/sf] cfjZostf k¥of] . cw{bIf / cbIf sfdbf/ a]/f]huf/ eP eg] bIf sfdbf/sf] vf]hL;“u} cf+lzs / 1fg ;Lkn] o'Qm ;Ifd dhb'/sf] cfjZostf a9\of] . pTkfbgnfO{ ljZjJofkL agfpg] / ljZjahf/ sAhf ug]{ qmddf ahf/sf pkef]Qmfcg'¿ksf] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ k|lqmof ;'? eof] / ax'/fli6«o k"“hLjfbn] of] sfo{ u¥of] . ;–;fgf dfu;“u} pTkfbg ul/g] o; k|0ffnLnfO{ pQ/ kmf]8{jf8 (Post fordism) elgG5 .

        o; pQ/kmf]8{jfbn] pQ/cfw'lgs k"“hLjfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f dfq u/]g k];fut ju{sf ¿kdf gof“ ju{sf] a9f]Q/L u¥of] . ca cbIf sfdbf/sf :yfgdf 1fg, ;Lko'Qm sfdbf/sf] vf]hL eof] / 1fgsf] k0oLs/0f k|f/De eof] . ljZjljBfno, ;/sf/ / ax'/f{li6«o sDkgL 1fgsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ zlQms]Gb| eP . k"“hLjfb k'gM ;Ël7t eof] / o;n] cfk"mnfO{ /fi6«/fHodf ;Lldt g/fvL ljZjJofkL agfof] . ljZjJofkL pTkfbg;“u} ljQLo Joj:yf / ljt/0f Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfof] . klxnf] ljZjn] ahf/sf] lj:tf/ u¥of] / pkef]QmfjfbnfO{ klg k|an agfof] . oxL sf/0f k"“hLjfbn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] Pp6f gof“ k|lqmof k|f/De u¥of] .

        ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ax'/f{li6«o k"“hLnfO{ a9fjf lbof] / @)) j6f ax'/fli6«o sDkgLn] ljZjsf] tLg efusf] b'O{ efu ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg ug{ yfn] . ;Lldt k"“hLjfbL b]zsf pTkfbgn] dfq ahf/ kfPkl5 /fli6«o pBf]u / /fli6«o cy{tGq w/fzfoL aGg yfn] . h;n] ubf{ sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿ …Tjd\ z/0fd\Ú sf] l:yltdf k'u] . ljZjJofkLs/0fn] cfly{s dfq geO{ ;f+:s[lts x:tIf]k klg a9fof] . ca :yfgut (space) ;+:s[lt ;Í6df kg{ yfNof] / o;n] j0f{zÍ/ ;+:s[ltnfO{ hGd lbof] . :yfgLo ;+:s[ltdflysf] cltqmd0fn] hGd]sf] j0f{zÍ/ / hl6n ;f+:s[lts  k|jfxsf] k|efj ;ËLt, efiff, ;flxTo, wd{, vfgkfg, /xg;xg cflbdf kg{ uO{ /fli6«o ;+:s[lt nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf k'Uof] .

        gof“ ljZjJoj:yfn] juL{o cfGbf]ngnfO{ klg sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfo{ u¥of] . ;"Id–/fhgLlt (Micropolitics) sf gfddf hftLo, wfld{s, dlxnf eGb} ljv08gsf] /fhgLltsf] ;'?jft u¥of] . of] /fhgLlt dfS;{jfbsf] hftLo, n}ª\lus / cGo ;d:ofnfO{ juL{o ;Gbe{af6 x]g'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] lj/f]wdf cfPsf] xf] / of] k"“hLjfbsf] pQ/cfw'lgs /fhgLlt g} xf] . hftLo, wfld{s / n}lËs clwsf/ cfjZos / clgjfo{ kIf eP klg To;nfO{ lg/k]If ¿kdf a'em\g] / a'emfpg] k|j[lQsf sf/0f d'lQm cfGbf]ng / juL{o cfGbf]ngnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfo{ o;n] u¥of] . o;/L k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfn] hgtf, /fli6«o d'lQm / ;fdflhs Gofosf lj?4 l;h]{sf] k"“hLjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL x:tIf]k g} gof“ ljZj Joj:yf xf] .

        o;/L pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtg / gof“ ljZj  Joj:yfsf cfwf/df x]bf{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ;"rgf–ljikmf]6, ;Ël7t 1fgsf] lj/f]w / ljZj;~rf/ tyf ;fOa/g]l6S;df cfwfl/t lrGtgwf/f xf] . of] ax'njfbL cjwf/0ff xf] / cy{ x/fPsf] / k"j{ o'usf dxfg\ ljrf/ / l;4fGtsf] lj/f]wdf cfPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] rl/q 3f]/ k|ltlqmofjfbL /x]sf] 5 . o'u / ;dfhsf zf]if0f / cGofosf] lj/f]w ub}{ ;fdflhs d'lQmsf nflu ;ª\3if{/t ;a} vfn] /fhgLltsf] lj/f]w ug]{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] dfS;{jfbsf] dfq lj/f]w gu/L kf6L{ /fhgLlt (Party politics) sf] klg lj/f]w ub{5 . o;n] ;du|tf / ;Dk"0f{tfdf nf]stflGqsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ pk]Iff ub{5 / n3' /fhgLlt (Little politics) sf gfddf ljv08gjfbL /fhgLltsf] ;dy{g ub{5 . of] ;dfwfgd'vL geP/ ;d:ofd'vL 5 / ;d:o}–;d:ofdf /xg' o;sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf xf] . o;sf] s]Gb|df p2]ZoxLgtf 5, To;}n] cy{sf] clglZrttfsf gfddf Oltxf;, k|frLg k'/fsyf, cfVofg cflbsf] lj/f]w ub{5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo dfS;{jfbL lrGtg, bz{g / /fhgLltsf] lj/f]w ug'{ xf] / To;sf] ;zQmtfnfO{ vtd ug'{ xf] . cfw'lgstfjfbsf ;Dk"0f{ d"No, dfGotfsf] cGTo u/L ljrf/wf/fxLg, nIoxLg, dfgjtfxLg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / oflGqstf, ;"rgf ;~hfn / ;fOa/ kf]lnl6S;sf ljZjf; ug]{ lrGtgsf ¿kdf g} pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]w ug'{ g} xf] / ;a} lrGtg / ljrf/sf s]Gb|df oxL dfS;{jfblj/f]wL wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 .

*= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb M ;dfnf]rgf, l;4fGt / ;flxTo l;h{gfdf

        lrGtg / bz{gkl5 pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] d"n If]q ;dfnf]rgf / ;flxTo g} xf] . klZrdsf] ;dfnf]rgf / ;flxTosf] pQ/cfw'lgs ;donfO{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 b]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf] ;do;Ldfdf af“Wg] k/Dk/f a9L k|rlnt 5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;dfnf]rgf d"ntM 8]l/8f / k'msf]sf] bz{g, nsfgsf] dgf]ljZn]if0f, h'lnof lqm:t]efsf] gf/Ljfb, h]d;g / Oun6gsf] pQ/dfS;{jfbL cjwf/0ff, kn 8] Dofgsf] k|lt/f]w l;4fGt (resistance theory), lgT;]sf] dxfdfgjsf] cjwf/0ff / lg/fzfjfbL bz{g, xfO8]u/sf] eflifs v]n, cfNy;/, P8f]gf]{ cflbsf] gjdfS;{jfbL l;4fGt cflbdf cfwfl/t 5 .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf d"ntM pQ/;+/rgfjfbsf ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . pRr cfw'lgstfsf ¿kdf o;n] ljwf e~hg, ljwf ld>0f Pjd\ Sjf“6L k|j[lQnfO{ lnPsf] 5 . z}nLdf jf ¿kdf hf]8 lbg] of] ;dfnf]rgf ;du|df eGbf v08–v08df s[ltsf] ljZn]if0fdf /dfp“5 / …efiffÚ, …kf7Ú, …cy{ clglZrttfÚ, …cy{ leGgtfÚ, lår/ lj/f]wh:tf zAbfjnLdf v]Nb} s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f klg ToxL cfwf/df kb{5 . s[ltsf] PsTj / PsflGjltsf] lj/f]w, pRr snfsf] lj/f]w, sf6'{g, ;ËLt, kk cf6{, 6]lnlehgh:tf dfWodnfO{ o;n] snfTds cleJolQmsf] pko'Qm dfWod dfGb5 . PA;8{, cpkGof;, csljtf / csyfh:tf k|j[lQsf sf/0f pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;flxTon] cfw'lgstfsf ;Dk"0f{ ;Ldfx¿nfO{ eTsfP/ ;flxTodf c/fhstfsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . s[ltsf] s]Gb| eTsfpg], kf7eGbf k/ csf]{ s'g} cy{ gvf]Hg], ;flxTonfO{ pkef]Qmfjfbsf] ;Gbe{af6 x]g]{ k|j[lQ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbdf kfOG5 . n]vsLo b[li6ljGb'sf] lj/f]w / kf7sLo b[li6ljGb'sf] ;dy{g, s[ltsf] hLjgd"Nosf] ¿kdf lj/f]w kIfsf] ;dy{g, Oltxf;sf] lj/f]w, s[ltsf] ;f+:s[lts / snfTds ul/dfnfO{ ef“re'“r kfg]{ k|j[lQ klg pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljz]iftf xf] . /f]nf“ jfy{n] n]vsLo d[To'sf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/L s[ltsf] ;fdflhstfnfO{ lgif]w kfg]{ sfo{ u/] eg] …cfOkm]n w/x/fÚ eGg] lgaGwaf6 s[ltsf] s'g} cy{ g/xg] / of] vfnL Wjlgut, ¿kut, jfSout cleJolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'g] x'gfn] To;s} eflifs lår/af6 s[lt–ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg] wf/0ff k|:t't u/] .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] Wj+;fTds k|j[lQ k|f/Dedf k|mfG;df b]vfk¥of] . /f]nf“ jfy{ o;sf cu'jf x'g\ . k|mfG; x'“b} of] cd]l/sf;Dd lj:tfl/t x'g k'Uof] . n]vs, s[lt / ;dfnf]rs ;a}nfO{ pk]Iff ug]{ / pkef]Qmf:j¿k kf7snfO{ dfq s[ltsf] af]wsf] lhDdf lbg] k|mfG;]nL pkef]QmfjfbL k|j[lQsf] ljsf;;“u} s[ltdf oyfy{sf] cleJolQmnfO{ pk]Iff u/L cltoyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ yflnof] . …lår/ lj/f]wÚ, …leGgtfÚ, …Wjlgs]Gb|jfbÚ, …zAbs]Gb|jfbÚ, …eflifs v]nÚ, …zlQmÚ / …cfgGbÚ h:tf zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L cy{xLgtf, ljv08g, zAbsL8f, 1fgsf] k'/fzf:q -;flxTosf/n] gof“ n]Vb}g ;a} k|frLgs} 6fn6'n dfq xf]_ sf ;Gbe{af6 ;flxTonfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f pQ/;+/rgfjfbL b[li6sf]0f xf] eg] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] oxL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;flxTosf] ;dLIff u5{ . ;flxTonfO{ ljv08gsf ;Gbe{af6 x]g]{, o;sf] pN6f] qmdnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{, sfo{sf/0f z[ª\vnfsf] lj/f]w ug]{, blaPsf kf7sf] vf]hLsf gfddf cy{xLgtfsf] ;dy{g ug]{, ;flxTonfO{ k'/ssf] z[ª\vnf dfGg], Oltxf;nfO{ kf7 dfq dfGg], bz{gnfO{ Ps s]Gb|jfbL dfgL ;flxTonfO{ ax's]Gb|sf ;Gbe{af6 cYof{pg], cg'kl:ylt jf kl/ToQmsf] vf]hL ug]{ gfddf s[ltnfO{ lynlyNofpg], s'g} klg ;TonfO{ gsfg]{, cy{sf] nLnfnfO{ ljZjsf] nLnf dfgL n]vgnfO{ nLnfsf ¿kdf lrq0f ug]{, kf7eGbf k/sf] cy{sf] lj/f]w ug]{, kIfw/tfsf] lj/f]w u/L ljWj+zsf] ;dy{g ug]{, kf7nfO{ cw'/f] jf unt dfgL x/]s k6s gof“ cy{sf] vf]hL ug]{, kf7nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg], pN6\ofpg] /ljb|"k agfpg] k|j[lQ o;df kfOG5g\ .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL o'usf] ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt k|mfG;]nL k/Dk/fdf a9L k|efjzfnL /x] klg ;flxTo l;h{gfsf b[li6n] cª\u|]hL ;flxTodf of] a9L k|jn /x]sf] 5 . sljtfsf If]qdf eGbf cfVofgdf a9L b]lvPsf] of] k|j[lQ ;fdflhs kf7df eGbf j}1flgs kf7sf] lrq0fdf a9L s]lGb|t 5 . To;afx]s bldtx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ k|j[lQ klg pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ;flxTosf/df 5 .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] ;flxTodf ljWj+z / ljv08g dfq NofPg o;n] ;dfhsf s]xL k|Zgx¿nfO{ klg p7fPsf] 5 . cfw'lgstfeGbf kl5sf] jt{dfg o'udf lgZro g} s]xL k|Zgx¿ Ho"“sf To"“ /x]sf 5g\ . blnt, hghflt, dlxnf, :yfg (place) h:tf If]qdf k"“hLjfbLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts k|e'Tjsf sf/0f h'g lje]b /x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ eTsfpg] qmddf o;n] To:tf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;flxTodf k|j]z u/fPsf] 5 / ;f+:s[lts l;4fGt, ;f+:s[lts cWoogh:tf ljifox¿ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ljifo x'g\ / ;"Id -n3'_ /fhgLlt (Micro politics)sf gfddf cfPsf] of] /fhgLlt k"“hLjfbL :jfy{af6 k|]l/t eO{ cfP klg / of] pgLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts bfpk]r g} eP klg k"“hLklt ju{ / pTkL8s hft–hflt, lkt[;Qfsf] ;f+:s[lts k|e'Tj (cultural Hegemony) nfO{ vtd ug]{ b[li6n] of] dxŒjk"0f{ klg 5 . hfltsf gfddf /fhgLlt ug]{ / ;fdflhs ljv08gnfO{ a9fjf lbg] k|j[lQsf] lj/f]w ub}{ /fli6«o ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug]{ b[li6n] dfS;{jfbLx¿n] o;nfO{ pkof]u ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] jt{dfgsf sltko k|Zgx¿ h:t} dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Zg, jftfj/0fLo k|Zg, nf]stflGqs k|Zg, n}lËs, hfltut / juL{o k|Zgdf h8 geO{ sltko ;sf/fTds ;Gbe{nfO{ :jLsf/ ubf{ g} l;h{gfTdstfnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

(= lgisif{

        k|:t't sfo{kq pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ;d:t lr/kmf/ klg xf]Og / k"0f{ JofVof klg xf]Og . pQ/cfw'lgs ;Gbe{leq kg]{ cGo ljifo gf/Ljfb, pQ/cf}klgj]zjfb, h]G8/, gjOltxf;jfb cflb kIfnfO{ o;n] :kz{ klg u/]sf] 5}g . o;sf] d"n ceLi6 eGg' pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] d"n :j¿knfO{ ;Í]t u/L o;sf af/]df g]kfnL ;dfhdf ax; k|f/De ug'{ / o;sf e|dx¿nfO{ lrg]{ sfo{ ug'{ g} xf] .

        pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ;fj{ef}lds bz{gsf] lj/f]wL /x]sf] 5 / o;n] d"ntM JolQmjfbL / ljvl08t ;dfhsf kIfdf jsfnt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;flxTo / snfnfO{ klg ljv08g / eflifs v]nsf ;Gbe{df x]/L 7"nf cfVofg (big stories) nfO{ v/fa / ;fgf cfVofg (little stories) nfO{ c;n dfg]sf] 5 . o;n] kf6L{sf] /fhgLltnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L :yfgLo /fhgLltsf] ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 / :yfgLo ;ª\3if{sf] ;dy{gsf gfddf /fhgLlt ;du|tfs} lj/f]w u/]sf] 5 . o;/L o;sf] /fhgLlts / snfTds b'j} rl/q ;dfh / dfgjlj/f]wL /x]sf] 5 . snf, ;flxTo, bz{g ;a} b[li6n] o;n] oyfy{sf] lj/f]w ub{5 . ;To / oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ o;sf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ lgT;]sf] lg/fzfjfb (nihilism) g} xf] / ToxL bz{gsf k[i7e"lddf o;sf bfz{lgs / ;}4flGts cfwf/ tof/ ePsf 5g\ . o;/L pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb gjcfw'lgstfjfbsf gfddf cfPsf] oyfl:yltjfb xf] / o;sf] jf:tljs /0fgLlt eg]sf] dfS;{jfbL ljrf/sf] k|efjnfO{ lg:t]h kf/L ;dfhnfO{ k"“hLjfbs} 5q5fofdf /fVg' xf] . ju{, ;dfh, ;fdflhstf, juL{o Gofo h:tf s'/fsf] lj/f]wL pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ;du|df k"“hLjfbs} lg/Gt/tf xf] / To;s} k/Dk/fjfbL ¿k klg xf] . -;¿k !((!–k[= !$)_ Oltxf;sf] d"n :j¿ksf] lj/f]w u/L 1fglj1fgsf] ;TonfO{ gsfg]{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb pQ/k"“hLjfbL lg/fzfsf] cleJolQm xf] .

        ;dfh / ;fdflhs k/Dk/fsf lj/f]wdf cfPsf] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ afx\o cy{df dfq cYof{P/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf e|d lbg] sfo{ g]kfns} a'l4hLjL / ;flxTosf/af6 eO/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf o;sf] cGt/j:t';Dd k'uL o;nfO{ lr/kmf/ ug]{ sfd ca dfS;{jfbLx¿s} xftdf 5 . ;don] nufPsf] o; lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f u/]/ dfq xfdLn] g]kfnL ;dfh / /fi6«k|ltsf] cfk\mgf] bfloTjnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;S5f}“ / gof“ / pHofnf] lbzftkm{ cljrlnt eO{ kfOnf cl3 a9fpg ;S5f}+ . cfpg'xf];\ ldqx¿ ⁄ ;do;“u} lx“8f}+ / gof“ ;dosf] pHofnf];“u} k|ultjfbL kynfO{ ;'lglZrt u/f}“ .

r

el/of

nlnt j:g]t ‘eLdfnL’

k]zfsf] b]lvof]

tYof+s x]bf{

gfpdf el/of

afpdf el/of

afh] a/fh' <

;a} y] el/of

ufp“df el/of

t/fO{df el/of

kxf8df el/of

a]sf/ el/of

nfrf/ el/of

;a}n] b]Vof

logsf nflu eg

vf]O s]xL u¥of <

ptf 5g\ el/of

otf klg 5g\

ug'{kg]{ ;w}“

h] h] u/ eG5g\

cf“;' ;'s]sf

cf“vf lnP/

v'Nnfg\ ls egL

cf]7} l;P/

b]lvG5g\ ha

el/of g} el/of

c·}el/ 5

dfq Ps 3l/of

sltGh]n rflxg] <

o:t} vfn] el/of

cdn]v x'g af“sL

a]rf/f sl/of ⁄



ef]ln laxfg;Dd

aneb| ef/tL

ef]ln laxfg;Dd

oxf“ sf] /xg], sf] g/xg] <

s;n] xfg]{, s;n] lhTg] <

;a} s'/fsf] km};nf eO;Sg]5

xfdL o;af/] clxn] g} klg eGg ;S5f}“

t/ ;"of]{bo;Dd w}o{tf ug'{ g} a]; x'g]5 

sfddf nflu/xg' g} cR5f x'g]5 ⁄



sf“8] emf8Lx¿df cfuf] nufpg]

a:tLsf kftkltª\u/x¿ ;f]xf]/]/ kmfNg]

km"nsf a]gf{x¿ ;fg]{

sf]qmf]df lgbfPsf gfgLx¿nfO{

Oltxf; / eljiosf] syf ;'gfpg]

o'jfx¿nfO{ df]rf{df ;ts{ /fVb}

a"9fx¿nfO{ xltof/df ;f“w nufpg,

rds lgsfNg / 5Ksfpg] tflnd lbg

ufp“–ufp“ / a:tL–a:tLdf k'¥ofpg]

oL ;a} sfdsf nflu

;kgf b]v]/ dfq} ;Dej 5}g

;+;f/el/sf sfuhL af3x¿;“u

ca Psk6s Hofg kmfn]/ n8\g'k5{

df}sf lalRsof] eg] km]l/

h'u klv{g' k5{

>dhLjLsf] lglDt of] eGbf 7"nf] xf/

c¿ s] x'g;S5 ⁄



af3sf h'“uf pv]Ng klg

af3 g} rflxG5

kmnfdn] g} kmnfd sf6\g ;S5

xltof/df ;f“w nufp“b}df

:jtGqtf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g

dl:tisdf klg ;f“w nufpg} k5{

d/]sf] af3sf] h'“uf pv]n]/

axfb'/Lsf] tSdf nufpg'

nfhdbf]{ s'/f xf]

of] eGbf l3gnfUbf] sfo/tf

s]xL x'g ;Sb}g ⁄



ltd|f] ;dfh g} l;·f] kf6L{ xf]

ltdL To;sf g]tf

;a} OlGb|ox¿ g} qmflGtsf bz{gzfnf x'g\

dl:tis g} c:qfuf/

ltd|f afx'jnx¿ :jrflnt xltof/ x'g\

ltdL ;a xf}, cGt hfg' kb}{g g]tf vf]Hg

df}sf 5“b} /ftsf] clGtd k|x/;Dd

nl8/fv, nuftf/ nl8/fv

o:tf] tl/sfn] ls

ef]ln laxfg;Dd of] wtL{df

ltd|f] dfq cl:tTj af“sL /xf];\ ⁄

@)^@ h]7 !*

** cf}}“ l/dfn hoGtL

sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}“

s]xL ufp“ vfg] sljtf

r]tgfy wdnf

3G6 aHof]

z+v aHof]

t/ ablnPg ;tLsf] ;/fk ⁄

nf;x¿ lhp“b}5g\

t/ d'bf{3/ 3rf3r

;“u} xl/of lem“ufx¿sf] g[To 5 ⁄

cfg} 5fof“sf] kxf8df

of] q:t lhGbuL

g lgNg' ef], g cf]sNg' ⁄

cf–cfg} em\ofD6f 5

gkTofP/ plwgL x]g"{

cfjfhdf k|;jk'~h 5 ⁄

h"gsf] h'n';

rf}tf/Ldf a]jfl/;] 5

g'gsf] h'n'; b/af/df d:t 5

rf]l/Psf] 5 Pp6f hxfh

pm kmls{Psf] 5 ls+jbGtL eP/

lg:t]h ;kgfsf] 3f/Ldf ⁄

r

cf]vn9'+uf

td;'s

;L=Pd= clkn–lrtf}g]

        /fd' ;fx|} g} d]xg]tL, nugzLn, sd{7, Odfgbf/, ;fy} ;r]t ufp“n] ul/asf] 5f]/f xf] . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg ljr/f ⁄ /fd'nfO{ laxfg a]n'sfsf] xftd'v hf]g{ wf}–wf} kYof]{ . pgsf] a'af d'lvof afh]af6 zf]lift–kLl8t lyP . To;}n] /fd'sf] >LdtL OlGb/f d'lvof afh]sf] 3/df sfd ug{ a;]sL lyOg\ . d'lvof afh] u}/Lufp“sf] Ps wgL JolQm x'g\ . pgsf] x}sd rn]sf] lyof] Tof] ufp“df . pgn] ;To af]n"g\ jf unt pgsf] lj?4df cf}+nf 78\ofpg] dfG5] sf]xL lyPgg\ .

        /fdn] -dgdg} ;f]r–ljrf/ ug{ k'U5g\ ===_ æul/asf ;'vsf lbgx¿ slxn] cfpnfg\ . hlxn] klg xfdL h:tf ul/a, ;f]emf, lgd'vf dfG5]x¿ dfly x]kfO, lyrfO / ldrfO x'G5 . cfkm"v'zL s]xL ug{ kfOGg . ca t o:tf zf]ifs, ;fdGt, hfnL km6fxfx¿sf] lj?4df hg;+3if{ ug{ h?/L 5 ====.Æ

        ufp“n]x¿ d'lvof afh];“u k};fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ uy]{ . pgn] agfPsf] td;'sdf z"Go yKg] rng lyof] . ;f]emf, lgd'vf / ul/a dfG5]x¿nfO{ 7Ug] k|j[lQ lyof] . d'lvof afh]sf] oyfy{tf yfxf kfPkl5 ufp“n]x¿ /fd', Zofd', lav]{, emnsdfg / cGo === ;a} d'lvof afh]sf] 3/df uP .

        æcfh xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ hgsfjf{xL ug{ cfPsf 5f}+, u/]/} 5f8\g] 5f}+Æ eg]/ ufp“n]x¿ ;a}n] gf/f nufpg yfn] .

        d'lvof afh]– d'bf{jfb ⁄ d'bf{jfb ⁄⁄

        xfd|f] hfnL td;'s– vf/]h u/ ⁄ vf/]h u/ ⁄⁄

        zf]ifs ;fdGtnfO{– sfjf{xL u5f}{+ ⁄ u5f}{+ ⁄⁄

        xfd|f] hg;+3if{– hf/L 5 ⁄ hf/L 5 ⁄⁄

        hf]lznf] gf/f nufPsf] b]v]/ d'lvof afh] y/{y/{ sf“Kg yfn] . ;a}sf] cufl8 cfP/ 3'“8f 6]s] . cfkm"n] u/]sf] uNtL :jLsf/] / dfkmL klg dfu] .

        ufp“n]x¿n] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf hfnL td;'s hnfP/ gi6 ul/lbP . Tof] lbg zf]lift–kLl8t, ul/a, lgd'vf ufp“n]x¿ xif{ljef]/ b]lvGy] . To:t} u/L ufp“n]x¿ hg;+3if{ ub}{ cufl8 a9\5g\, hfnL, km6fxf, zf]ifs–;fdGtnfO{ -sfjf{xL ub}{{ ====_



ubL{–!, df8L, lrtjg

cfdfnfO{ lr7L

czf]s ;'j]bL

d]/L cfdf,

pm dh:tf] eP/ klg cfpg;S5

e]if abn]/ klg cfpg;S5

cfP/ p;n] klxn] ‘cfdf’ eGg]5

dfofn' efjn], d]/} efjgfdf, d]/} z}nLdf .

x'g t j}/Lx¿ klg ¿k km]/]/

p;sf] xTof ug{, cfpg ;S5g\

/ eGg ;S5g\– ‘cfdf’ xfdLnfO{ af; b]pm .

ltdLn] yfxf kfOxfNg]5\of} njh

d]/f ;fyLsf cf“vfdf ljZjf; x'g]5– eljiok|lt

p;sf] cg'xf/df 3[0ff aNg]5 b'i6x¿k|lt

o;f] 6fpsf] ;'d;'Dofpg"

hgtfsf] dfof kfPsf] p;sf] lz/df

hgtfsf] xftsf] :kz{ x'g]5 .

;'s]sf] wtL{sf cfsf;af6 kfgL al;{Pkl5

v]taf/Laf6 cfPsf] af:gfh:tf] .

x'g t b'i6x¿ klg 5fl8Psf 5g\ 7fp“–7fp“df

t/ pgLx¿sf] cfjfh ss{z x'g]5

x\jf:; ugfpg]5 d'vaf6 /S;L

/ ugfpg]5 cfnf] /ut dfG5]sf]

pgLx¿n] dfof u/]h:t} u/L 3f“6L lyRg vf]Hg]5g\

dfofn' c“ufnf]sf] efjdf z/L/ ;'d;'Dofpg vf]Hg]5g\

gSsn kf/]/ xfd|f ;/n lbbLalxgLx¿;“u

kl/ro ug]{ axfgf agfP/

t'R5 sfdjf;gf k"lt{ ug{ nfnflot x'g]5g\ .

ltdLn] ;xh} lrGg]5\of} d]/L cfdf

d]/f ;fyLsf sd{zLn xftx¿df

hgtfsf] v]taf/Ldf sfd ubf{sf 7]nfx¿ x'g]5g\ .

pgLx¿;“u hgtfn'] lbPsf

ctL{, pkb]z / 1fg x'g]5g\ .

hgtfaf6 l;s]sf s'/f / cg'ejsf] ld>0f x'g]5 pgLx¿;“u

p;n] tkfO{+nfO{ xsfg]{5}g, s/sfk ug]{5}g

cfkm}+ kmsfpg]5 vf]n]kmf“8f]

/ s]xL geP ef]s} ;'Tg]5

ef“8f dfem\g]5, dem]/L lnKg]5

kmf]xf]/ n'ufx¿ eP wf]OkvfnL ul/lbg]5 .

d]/L cfdf,

p;sf] sDd/df x]g'{ ltdLn]

p;n] hgtfn] lbPsf] ‘/ftf]’ v's'/L le/]sf] x'g]5

6f]kL km'sfn]/ x]¥of} eg] p;n]

/ftf] tf/f ePsf] km]6f af“w]sf] b]Vg]5\of}–

;lxbsf] /utdf ntkltPsf]

hgtfn] ljZjf; u/]/ af“lwlbPsf] .

pm lhDd]jf/ eP/ k|:t't x'g]5

p;n] ufp“sf ;d:of ;f]Wg]5

hfnLkm6fxf / b'Zdgx¿sf] x'lnof a'em\g]5

cx+sf/ ug]{5}g cfdf ⁄ p;n] 3d08 b]vfpg]5}g .

cfpg t b'Zdgsf ;'/fsLx¿ klg cfpg]5g\

cfdf / afaf eGb} gSsn kfb}{

pgLx¿n] s'v'/f, /S;L / v;L

hDdf kfg{ cfb]z lbg]5g\

klxn] kmsfpg]5g\ s[lqd z}nLn]

pgLx¿sf] efj / z}nL b]Vgf;fy ltdL lrlgxfNg]5\of}

pgLx¿n] d]/faf/]df a'em\g vf]Hg]5g\

d]/f] ¿k/ª / afgLa]xf]/f;“u} x'lnof vf]tNg]5g\

pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo k"/f ePg eg]

xltof/ pHofpg]5g\ 8fsfn] h:t}

pgLx¿sf] efjgdf Sn]z klg dfof b]lvg]5}g .

gemfg"{ x} cfdf Psyf]kf cf“;' klg gemfg"{

ltgLx¿sf ;fd'Gg] b'Mvsf s'/f ub}{ gug"{

ef]s nfUbf cfGb|f a6fl/Psf s'/f klg gug"{

cfª 9fSg gkfPsf] s'/f klg gug"{

ltgLx¿n] xfd|f] b'Mvsf] kmfObf n'6\g]5g\ .

vf]hL ug]{ axfgfdf r]nLsf] sf]7f / 9's'6L vf]tNg]5g\

hf“r ug]{ gfddf z/L/el/ xft s'bfpg]5g\

xfdL cfg} xf}+ eGb} pgLx¿sf] s'lxuGw] cf]7 / bfx|f

glhs–glhs Nofpg vf]Hg]5g\ .

cfdf, xf]lzof/ x'g" x} b'i6sf /Ifsx¿;“u

d]/f ;fyLx¿ cfP eg]

/ftdf af; lbg", eP Ps b'O{ uf“; lbg"

z/L/ vfnL /x]5 eg] nfh 9fSg] w/f] lbg"

pgLx¿ nfdf] ofqfdf lx+8]sf 5g\ cfdf dh:t}

ef]s, lgGb|f / Kof; krfPsf 5g\ pgLx¿n]

xhf/f}+ o'4 n8\bfn8\b} ;QL;fn ePsf] z/L/df

wkwkL cfuf]sf] Hjfnf an]sf] b]Vg]5\of} ltdL

hgtf;“u d'lQm / n8fO“sf kf7 l;Sbfl;Sbf

wfl/nf] dl:tis / c;n Jojxf/ kfpg]5f} ltdL

;of}+ d[To'nfO{ 5sfP/ pgLx¿

b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQmsf nflu af“r]sf /ftf dfG5]x¿ x'g\

pgLx¿n] b]z / hgtfsf] 9's9'sL af]s]sf 5g\ cfdf

;+;f/ lhTg] dL7f] ;kgf af]s]sf 5g\

xhf/f}+ o'4 lht]/ hgtfnfO{ d'Qm kfb}{ lx+8]sf 5g\

pgLx¿ kf08jnfO{ /flvPeGbf 7"N7"nf

nfIfu[x ‘vf/f’x¿af6 ar]sf 5g\

;of}+ xys08f / if8\oGqaf6 hf]lu+b} pgLx¿n]

tf]/f]af]/fh:tf eLif0f cfqmd0fx¿ krfPsf 5g\ .

cfdf, pgLx¿

uf}+8f s'/]/ dfg]{ if8\oGqaf6 ar]sf dfG5]x¿ x'g\

lsnf] ;]/f 6' / 3]/fp u/]/ xTof ug]{h:tf

sfnf xs{taf6 hf]luPsf dfG5]x¿ x'g\

ltdLn] pgLx¿sf cf“vfdf ;f“Rr}

c6n ljZjf; / b[9 cf:yf b]Vg]5\of}

tL t ltdLxfdLn] ;lbof}+b]lv b]v]sf

;kgf k"/f ug]{ /fd|f dfG5]x¿ x'g\ .



d plePsf] hldg

 k|df]b :g]xL

lal;{Psf] 5}g d}n]

cfkm"n] 6]s]sf] hldg

hlt–hlt

lzv/df k'u] klg

d cfkm"n] 6]s]sf]

hldgdf g} plePsf] 5' .

ha dfG5]n] cfkm"n]

6]s]sf] hldg lal;{G5

Tolta]nf

dfG5]

lgs} tn c“Wof/f] h“3f/df

v:5

/ cfkm"n] 6]s]sf]

hldg 5f]8]/

e'O“km'§f x'g'sf] ulx/f]

kL8f ef]U5 .

8/ nfU5 hLjgsf

oL df]8x¿df

d}n] klg sfnfGt/df

cfkm"n] 6]s]sf] hldg st}

la;{g] t xf]Og

d cfkm}+ klg v:g]

t xf]Og <

oL eL/ h“3f/x¿af6

h'g avt d v:g]5' .

Tolta]nf

sf]xL cfpg] 5}g dnfO{

arfp“g .

kmut z"Godf d

PSn} x'g]5'

d}n] cfkm"n] 6]]s]sf]

hldg la;{{+bf e]6\g]5'

c;+Vo kL8fx¿ .   r

uf]n3/sf] ;Gb]zÆsf] ;Gb]z

 ;'s'd zdf{

        ;flxTosf/ df]bgfy k|l>tsf] n3'sfJo ‘uf]n3/sf] ;Gb]z’ -@)$)_ uBnofTds sfJos[lt xf] . o;df slj :jod\n] uf]n3/df oftgf ef]Ubf cf:yf, kf6L{, qmflGtsf] ult cflbnfO{ dgg ub}{ uf]n3/leq u/]sf] k|lta4tf sfJofTds ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . o; s[ltnfO{ sfJo÷n3'sfJo elgP klg To;cg';f/sf] cfofd / j:t'sf] ;Ldf b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ nfdf] sljtf eGg ;lsG5 . syfj:t' geP klg ljleGg ts{ / j0f{gx¿n] nfdf] agfOPsf] sljtfsf ¿kdf ul/Psf] d"Nof°g :d/0fLo 5 -clwsf/L, @)$$ M !$$_ . o;f] eP klg uf]n3/df y'lg+bfsf] cj:yf, g]kfnL hgtfsf] qmflGtk|ltsf] pT;fx, ljutsf jL/x¿sf] h]n–a:bfsf cg'e"lt cflbnfO{ cfkm"df s]lGb|t agfP/ k|:t't ul/Psfn] o;df n3'sfJosf] ;+/rgf 5 . o; sfJodf !# v08 /x]sf 5g\ . oL v08df cfPsf ljrf/sf] s]Gb| qmflGt / To;sf] ;kmntfsf] uh{g g} d'Vo /x]sf] 5 .

ha ;Ns“b} uP km]l/ d'6'sf lbof

c“Wof/f] efUg yfNof] b]zaf6

‘e"t a·nfsf g/eIfL lkrf;x¿

ltlNdnfpg yfn] t;]{/ === -k[i7 !_ .

        dflysf k+lQmaf6 o; n3'sfJosf] ult cl3 a9]sf] 5 . c“Wof/fsf lj?4 h'w]sf qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] ult / k|lta4tfnfO{ b]v]/ t;]{sf g/eIfL lkrf;x¿n] ToxL sfnf] /ft ydf}tL ug]{ k|:tfj kf; u/L qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ emD6g yfn]sf cj:yfsf] laDa;lxt sfJosf] ;'?cft ePsf] 5 .

        o;} qmddf wtL{ uf9f lgb|fdf k/]sf] Ps /ft sljtfnufot s]xL qmflGtsf/LnfO{ g/eIfLsf v'gL kGhfn] hs8\g ;kmn ePsf] oxf“ plNnlvt 5 . s]xL qmflGtsf/LnfO{ kqmg ;kmn ePkl5 lg/+s'z zlQm Oltxf; y'Gg] tfNrf km]nf kf/]em}+ uj{n] km'n]sf] cj:yf sljn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L g} sfJodf lg/+s'z zlQmn] cfgf] jzdf lnPkl5 sljsf] dgf]an ef“Rg z/L/df nf}/f ef“r]sf], uf]Kotf asfpg a'6 / aGb'ssf s'Gbfn] vf“b]sf], ultxLg agfpg g]n xTs8L nufPsf] / hf]z lr:ofpg PSn} l;d]G6sf] sf]7fdf /fv]/ lr;fdf kN6fPsf] -k[i7 @_ k|;· cfPsf] 5 . To; cj:yfdf slj emg\ b[9 x'“b} af]n]sf 5g\–

sf6] z/L/ 9N5 t/ ljZjf; 9Nb}g d]/f]

df/] xf8vf]/ uN5 t/ ljrf/ uNb}g d]/f] -k[= #_

        rsf]{ oftgfn] sljsf] ljrf/ / cf:yfnfO{ unfpg g;s]kl5 k|ltlqmofjfbLn] ;f“3'/f] vf]/df y'g]/ ef]6]tfNrf nufp“bf ;kmn ePsf] uj{df dVv k/]sf] k|;· oxf“ 5 . Pp6f dfG5]sf] dlxgf}+sf] s;/tn] To; vf]/df k'¥ofpg ;s]sfdf /dfpg] k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qf / g/eIfL dfG5]nfO{ 3[0ff ub}{ pgn] n]]v]sf 5g\–

ædlxgf}+sf] s;/tn]

olt;Dd ug{ ;s]sf]df

7"nf] kf}/v 7fg]/ uj{n]

;u/dfyfsf] lzv/ 5fPem}+

y't'gfsf] kl;gf k'5] /,

lsRr d'bf{sf] xf“;f] xf“;]Æ -k[i7 #_

        o;kl5 ljj]sxLg d"9x¿ /S;Lsf] £ofDkfdf xfdkmfn]/ ;TonfO{ y'Gg ;s]sfdf /dfP/ lgbfPsf] k|;· pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfJosf] bf];|f] c+sdf cfkm" lr;f] vf]/df eP klg ;fyLx¿sf] tftf] ;f; cfP/ cfkm"nfO{ c“ufn] em}“ 5f]O/x]sf], cfdfsf] ddtfn] y'Dy'dfPsf], efO–a}gLsf cfªdf pd|]sf sf“9fn] 5f]Psf] / lk|osf cf“vf laemfpg cfOk'u]sf] -k[= $_ sljn] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L g} hgb|f]xL, o'ub|f]xL, b]zb|f]xLx¿sf] oGq0ffu[xdf v'ª\vf/ bfx|f / tLvf gª\u|fsf aLrdf /x]sf sljn] cfkm"nfO{ s's'/sf] uGxfpg] d'vn] k/]jfsf] aRrf rkfPem}+ s'g} klg a]nf rkfpg ;S5g\ eGb} n]v]sf 5g\ –

æev{/} sd/]8 /Tg, xl/ / ‘cfhfb’x¿nfO{

rkfPsf /ftf bf“t uf8\g ;S5g\

u·f, g]q, s[i0f, /fdgfy, jL/]gx¿nfO{ h:t}

vf]/af6 lems]/ af?bn] p8fpg ;S5g\

z'qm, wd{eQm, b'uf{ cflbnfO{ em}+

g[z+; hNnfb ag]/

kmf“;Ldf

em'G8\ofpg ;S5g\ . -k[i7 %_

        o; lsl;dsf] lg/ª\s'z ;Qfsf JolQm / ;+oGqnfO{ sljn] ;ª\u|xfnodf n}hfg tof/ ePsf df6fsf d"lt{x¿eGbf ljlzi6 dfg]sf 5}gg\ .

        t];|f] v08df lg/+s'z Joj:yfn] dfG5] dfg]{ k];f 7fg]/ /utdf xf]nL v]n]sf], ;Qfsf] pGdfb b]vfP/ :ofnn] s'v'/f y't]em}+ b]zJofkL Pstfsf] /fu cnfk]/ hgtf dfg]{ u/]sf], b]znfO{ xl/s·fn kf/]/ /fi6«jfbsf] uLt ufPsf], xhf/f}+ r]nLa]6LnfO{ nu]/ a]r]sf] h:tf s/t"tnfO{ n'sfP/ zflGtsf] uLt ufpg] b'i6x¿nfO{ b'Tsfb}{ slj n]V5g\–

xf], kSs} klg logLx¿n]

xTof, bdg, hfnem]n / if8\oGqsf]

cfgf] /fhwd{ 5f]8]sf 5}gg\,

/, xfdLn] klg ;fx;, b[9tf, ;+3if{ alnbfg

b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm–cleofgsf]

cfgf] hgwd{ 5f8\b}gf}+ . -k[i7 (_

        dflysf] hgwd{ g5f]8\g] k|lta4tf bf]xf]¥ofp“bf sljsf cf“vf uf]n3/sf ;fd'Gg]]sf vf]/df k/]sf 5g\ . pgn] !(** ;fndf To; vf]/df kg]{ d}gfaxfb'/ / v8\udfg l;+xsf] lgeL{stfnfO{ :d/0f u/]sf 5g\ . kl5 v8\udfg l;+x knfog eP klg sljdf :km"lt{ yKg klxn]sf v8\dfgsf] hf]z ;xfos ePsf] oxf“ JoQm ePsf] 5 .

        To;eGbf cl3 / kl5 o; lxdfnL e]udf ePsf ;+3if{nfO{ :d/0f ub}{{ g]kfn cfdfsf] d'xf/ x“;fpg ;+3if{/t jL/x¿sf] s'jf{gL / cfTdcfx'ltnfO{ sljn] d'Qms07n] ufPsf 5g\ . d'lQmo'4df ;lxb ePsf jL/x¿sf] /utn] leh]sf] df6f]nfO{ 5f]P/ hgtfn] >4f~hnL r9fpg]5g\ eGb} pgn] n]v]sf 5g\ M

æd]/f] :d[ltk6df emNemnL gflr/x]5g\ clxn]

tL slxNo} guNg] O:kftL cg'xf/x¿ -k[i7 !!_

        8/, qf; efu]sfn] slj cfkm"nfO{ b'w{if{ l;+xh:t} ePsf] 7fg]/ n]V5g\–

hf], ;+hf]usf] kmGbfdf oxf“ cfPYof]

hf], ;'s]/ vfg]5}g slxNo} 3f“;

/, km'Tsgf;fy km]l/ h·ndf k'uL

emg\ emg\ hf]8n] bxfl8/xg]5 ⁄ -k[i7 !!_

        o;kl5 sljsf] b[li6 uf]n3/ cufl8sf] ;f“3'/f] cf“ugdf k/]sf] 5 . Tolt 7"nf] kvf{n, af/aGb]h clg kx/]bf/x¿sf] oGq0ffu[xsf] qm"/ 5ftLdf km'n]sf ;'s'df/ sf]dn km"ndf pgsf] dg efj's ePsf] 5 . tL km"nx¿nfO{ b]v]/ slj n]V5g\ –

gxf“;'g\ lsg oL km"nx¿

ha oL ltg} jL/n] pdf/]sf ;Gtfg x'g\

tL tk;Lx¿sf tkf]jgsf

b[9 tk:ofsf ;fyL x'g\

dnfO{ nfU5, xfd|f jL/ zxLbx¿sf] kljq /ut

d]/f] ;fDg]sf u'nfax¿df d':s'/fO/x]5 -k[i7 !@_

        sljn] g]kfnL df6f]sf] dlxdf ufp“b} g]kfn cfdfsf] 5ftLdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] cIfo e08f/ pgsf ;Gtfgx¿sf nflu uj{ x'g] klg atfPsf 5g\ .

        o;kl5sf v08df pgn] rf/}lt/sf b[Zo aGb eP klg, v'§f aGb u/]/ n8fP klg, gh/aGbdf y'g] klg leqL cf“vfsf] b[ZonfO{, juL{o dfofnfO{ / qmflGtsf/L ;dk{0fnfO{ y'Gg g;Sg] atfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] dg k[YjLsL alxgL cyf{t\ sljsL ;flgdf, k[YjLsf afa' cyf{t\ sljsf afh] / cfdfsf] dfof tf/fx¿l;t ;fl6Psf] 5 . em\ofnvfgfsf] km'Rr] kvf{nn] dgsf] ljzfn b[li6nfO{ /f]Sg g;Sg] b[9tf klg sljdf cfPsf] 5 .

        /ftsf] dWo/ftdf aGbLx¿sf] vnan ;'g]/ Ao"“em]sf slj Toxf“sf] jftfj/0fdf cEo:t eO;s]sf] :j/nfO{ o;/L JoQm u/]sf 5g\–

t/ gk?Gh]n xf] bdfnL xf] ‘8/’ nfUbf] x'g]

kl/;s]kl5 g]n xts8L klg afgL x'G5g\

sfnsf]7/L klg ;fyL x'G5,

sf]bf], l;:gf], vf];f{gL, cfnlkg

lah'nLsf] s/]G6 / hf8f]sf] l;d]G6 klg

z/L/sf ;xh cEof; x'G5g\ . -k[i7 !%_

        sljn] cfkm"df b]lvPsf] ;xh cEof; / b[9tf a'em]/ cfgf sfd/]8x¿nfO{ ;'tf{ glng cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L g} pgn] cfttfoLx¿sf] hglj/f]wL sfo{nfO{ b'Tsfb}{ h'6]sf xhf/f}+ d''6'sf] :g]xdf cfgf] klg d'6' w8\lsPsfn] cfGbf]ngsf] ufyfdf cfkm" ;fl6Psf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . cfkm" vf]/df eP klg dWo/fqLdf ;fyLx¿ ;f;};f;n] s'/f ub}{ qmflGtb"t ag]/ a:tL, b]xftdf lx+8]sf] pgn] cfgf] lbdfuL 6]lnlehgdf x]l//x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] slj :ki6 zAbdf eG5g\ –

b]z}el/ xf]Og ;+;f/}el/

qmflGtsf b"tx¿ lgzfr/nfO{ df:g

lgzfr/} ag]/ lx+8]sf t:jL/x¿ -k[i7 !&_

        ;fyLx¿ la/fnf]rfnn] lx+8\b}, ;]tf dxnx¿nfO{ 5Nb} ul/asf a's'/fdf r]tgf hufpg lx+8]sf] b]Vbf slj pgLx¿;“u pT;fxsf xft ldnfp“b} hf]lznf] clejfbgdf ;fl6+bf xlif{t 5g\ . qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] cf]h:jL t:jL/d'lg a;]/ cf:yf :d/0f u/]sf] pgn] cfgf] lbdfuL t:jL/df :ki6;“u x]/]sf 5g\ . dWo/ftdf k/hLjL ;+;f/ ndtGg k/]kl5 >dhLjLsf em'k|fx¿df dgdl:tis rgfvf x'“b} ;fl6Psf] kfp“bf sljn] cfkm"nfO{ uf]n3/leq ;Lldt ePsf] 7fGb}gg\ . o;} eP/ slj eG5g\–

æToxf“ d'7L af]s]/ ;an] eGb}5g\–

xfdL ækGrfgAa]Æx¿ ækf“rÆ dfGb}gf}+ ⁄

ax'dtsf] /utn] 9fl8Psf]

ækf“rsf] k~rfot dfGb}gf}+

g xfdL of] b]zsf] dfG5f}+

;fdGt, bnfn, gf]s/zfx, e|i6frf/L / t:s/Lx¿sf]

u7aGwgsf] k~rfot,

g xfdL ljb]zsf] dfG5f}+

;fd|fHojfb, pklgj]z, o'4 k|e'Tj /

c0f'adx¿sf] ljZjf;3ftL k~rfot ⁄ -k[i7 !(_

        o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfsf lj/f]wdf h'6]sf cfjfhx¿df sljn] hgu0ftGq g]kfnsf], eJo ;'Gb/ /dfOnf] t:jL/ ;hfPsf 5g\ . em'k|f–em'k|f, j:tL–j:tLaf6 ef]s–lgb|f la;]{/ qmflGtdf ;dlk{t ePsf afns, o'jf, a[4fnfO{ b]v]/ sljn] cfgf] kL8f, dd{ / oftgfnfO{ e'n]sf 5g\ .

        em'k|] kf7zfnfdf hftkftsf] d}nf] kvfNb} kxf8L, dlw;]sf] ;fDk|bflos hfnf] Roft]/, ;xl/of / kj{t]sf] kvf{n eTsfP/ tfufwf/L / dtjfnLsf] e]bsf] e¥ofª ldNsfP/ qmflGt cl3 a9]sf] sljn] hgfPsf 5g\ . qmflGtsf/Lsf d'7Ldf æg]kfn aGbÆ ePsf] / tfgfzfxLsf] sfnf] ;+;f/ dfl6+b} uPsf] pNn]v ub}{ pgn] eg]sf 5g\ –

xf], jf:tjdf of] b]z

kz'kltsf] xftdf x}g / c¿ s;}sf] xftdf x}g

log} o'jfx¿sf] xftdf cfPsf]] 5,

lsgeg],

of] ;+;f/ z]ifgfusf] 6fpsf]df x}g,

o'jf zlQms} kfv'/fdf cl8Psf] 5 . -k[i7 @#_

        o;/L g} sfJosf/n] gof“ pmhf{n] r]tgfnfO{ ;~r/0f u/]sfn] ls;fg, HofdL, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, sd{rf/L, n]vs, snfsf/, a'l4hLjL, kqsf/ ;a} If]q qmflGtdf ;dlk{t ePsf] klg a'em]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} pmhf{df cfgf] pmhf{ yKg slj uf]n3/af6 o;/L af]n]sf 5g\ –

æd b'MvL 5' b]zsf log} b'Mvn]

d]/f] 5'§} csf]{ s'g} b'Mv 5}g,

d lkl/Psf] 5' b]zsf log} kL/n]

d]/f] 5'§} csf]{ kL/ 5}gÆ -k[i7 @*_

        cGtdf sljn] uf]n3/df kfPsf tdfd oftgf / b'Mvx¿ la;]{/ ;+3if{ km}lnPsfdf, r]tgf tLa| ePsfdf ;Gtf]ifsf] ;f; tfg]sf 5g\ . pgdf dft[e"ld :jtGq x'g] / tfgfzfxL Joj:yf w/fzfoL x'g] b[9 ljZjf; 5 . b]znfO{ h]n]sf tdfd ;fª\nfx¿ r'“8fn]/ kl/>dLx¿sf xftdf /fHoJoj:yf Nofpg afx]s pgdf csf]{ ;kgf 5}g . o; sfo{df uf]n3/nfO{ pgn] clUgk/LIff 7fg]sf 5g\ / sljsf] cleJolQm o;/L 6'l·Psf] 5–

To;}n] lgeL{s 5' oxf“,

;'sfpg ;Qm}g s;}n] d]/f] ;u/dfyf

ch]o 5 xfd|f] >lds–d'lQmsf] dxfofqf

cd/ 5 xfd|f] dfgjd'lQmsf] cleofg ⁄ -k[i7 #)_

        o; sfJodf slj :jod\ kfqsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . pgn] ef]u]sf oftgf, a'em]sf] cf:yf / d'lQm;+3if{ g} o;sf] sYoj:t' xf] . o; ;Gbe{df æ‘d’ kfqnfO{ b[li6s]Gb| agfP/ cfTdsygfTds lzNkk4ltdf /lrPsf] of] n3'sfJo /fhg}lts k|k~rdf k/L y'lgPsf slj k|l>ts} cfTdhLjgsf] k|ltR5fof klg xf] / sljn] cfgf cGtkL{8f, cfqmf]z, /f]if / ljb|f]xsf clUgjLhx¿ o;leq kf]v]sf 5g\ . sfJodf Pp6f d'lQmsfdL jL/ of]4fsf qmflGtsf/L r]tgf, slxNo} g8udufpg] ;fx; / jL/tfk"0f{ cljh]o efjx¿nfO{ sljtfTds jf0fLdf cfa4 ul/Psf] 5Æ -zdf{ kf}8\ofn, @)$^M %@_ eGg] d"Nof°g pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

        o; sfJosf] n]vgz}nL sljsf] :d[ltsf] s]Gb|df cfwfl/t 5 . ‘ltdL’ cyf{t\ lg/+s'z /fHoJoj:yf / slj cyf{t\ qmflGtsf/L zlQmx¿sf aLrsf] åGå g} o; sfJosf] d"n dd{ xf] . sljn] ;fyLx¿, cfdf, efOa}gL, lk|of, ls;fg, dhb'/ zxLbx¿ v8\udfg, d}gfaxfb'/, lzIfs, kqsf/, lJfBfyL{ cflbnfO{ qmflGtsf k[i7e"lddf ;Dem]sf 5g\ . log} kfqx¿sf] :d[ltdo ljr/0fdf of] sfJo l;lh{Psf] kfOG5 .

        o; sfJodf k~rfotsfnLg Joj:yfsf] hh{/tf, aa{/tf / tfgfzfxL sfo{ / To;sf lj?4df h'emf? ag]sf d'lQmsfdLsf] åGå kl/j]zsf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . To; aa{/tfnfO{ lrg{ h'6]sf qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] cj:yf / cf:yfk|ltsf] k|lta4tf uf]n3/df kbf{ klg sljdf d/]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts hfu/0fsf p2]Zodf of] sfJo n]lvPsf] klg :ki6 x'G5 . o; sfJodf æsljnfO{ h]nsf] oftgf ef]Ug afWo x'g]x¿sf k5fl8 ;f/f hgtfsf] ;xfg'e"lt / :g]x k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf b[9 ljZjf; /x]sf]Æ -rfkfufO{+, @)%@ M !^^_ 5 eGg] d"Nof°g kfOG5 . o;/L g} æuf]n3/sf] ;Gb]zÆ d"ntM b]z tyf sfnsf]7/Lleqsf] ;Gb]z af]s]/ cfPsf] -r}tGo, @)%$M !$*_ sfJosf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . olt dfq geO{ æs'g} klg JolQm rfx] sfnsf]7/Ldf aGb xf];\ jf p;nfO{ h]ng]n, xTs8L, uf]nL / kmf“;Ls} l;sf/ x'g lsg gk/f];\, olb pm hgtfsf] xslxt / p2]Zox¿k|lt lgi7fjfg\ 5 eg] Tof] slxNo} klg b'Zdg;“u em'Sb}g a? dg{ tof/ x'G5Æ -r}tGo, @)%$M !%&_ eGg] d"Nof°g 5 . of] g} o; sfJosf] k|]/0ff / ;Gb]z xf] . qmflGtk|lt cf:yf, ljZjf; / b[9tf g} o; sfJosf] p2]Zo xf] .

        k|:t't sfJodf s]xL :jR5Gb–sNkgf cfPsf] 5 . rGb|dfnfO{ k[YjLsL alxgL xfd|L ;flgdf, ;"o{nfO{ k[YjLsf afa' / xfd|f afh]h:tf gfd h'/fPsf sljn] æefjljef]/ eO{ lrKn]6L v]N5' OGb||]gLsf] w'/Laf6Æ eGg] h:tf :jR5 efjnfO{ klg k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;f] eP tfklg tfTsfnLg Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ Ps dfq ljsNk hgqmflGt / To; zlQmn] :yfkgf ug]{ æ:jtGq hgu0ftGq g]kfnÆ clg To; Joj:yfsf dflns ls;fg–HofdL cyf{t\ ;j{xf/fju{ x'g] sljsf] :ki6 nIo /x]sfn] k|:t't s[ltnfO{ k|ultjfbL sfJosf ¿kdf :jLsfg'{kg]{ x'G5 .

        o;df klZrd g]kfnsf] eflifsf hgfpg] zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . z}nL ;/n / cfsif{s 5 . laDa–k|tLs / efjk|jfxn] sflJos :jfb yk]sf 5g\ . To;}n] æqmflGtsf/L r]tgf, j}rfl/s k|v/tf / hgtfk|ltsf] k|lta4tfsf b[li6n] of] sfJo k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf a]hf]8sf] 5Æ -zdf{ kf}8\ofn, @)$^M %#_ elgPsf] xf] . oyfy{sf] k|:t'ltdf st} cfqmf]z / st} sNkgfn] sljdf h'g b[9tf NofPsf] 5, Tof] g} o; sfJosf] k|flKt xf] . ;du|df eGbf k|:t't sfJo n3' ¿kdf eP klg o;n] lbPsf] ;Gb]z Jofks 5 / qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf nflu k|]/s /x]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{–;fdu|L

!= clwsf/L /ljnfn -@)$$_ k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf kf]v/f M n]sfnL k|sfzg .

@= rfkfufO{{+, g/]Gb| -@)%@_ ;Dkf= sfJo ;dfnf]rgf lj/f6gu/ M k"jf{~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg .

#= r}tGo -@)%$_ dfS;{jfbL snf, b[li6 / ;dLIff, sf7df8f}+ M lrGtg k|sfzg .

$= k|l>t, df]bgfy -@)$)_ uf]n3/sf] ;Gb]z sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL k|sfzg -;+:d/0f rf}yf] @)$&_

%= zdf{ kf}8\ofn, xL/fdl0f -@)$^_ /rgf ljj]rgf kmn]jf; M OlGb/f zdf{ kf}8\ofn .

:ofªhf

xfn M sLlt{k'/

uhn

OGb|s'df/ >]i7

hfnL d"v{ km6fxfsf] km]nf k/]sf] 5'

dfly hfg vf]Hbf ;w}“ tn em/]sf] 5'

kfkL–3ftLx¿ eO{ el/;s] d'/L

d}n] eg] kl;gfsf] d'7L e/]sf] 5'

s'k|yfsf] h·n g} km}lnPsf] a]nf

To;}aLrdf Odfgsf] aLp 5/]sf] 5'

5]kf/f]n] h:tf] /· km]g{ ghfg]/

cfkm"nfO{ ug{;Dd aaf{b u/]sf] 5'

‘OGb|’hLsf] :ju{ klg rflxPg ca

cfg} em'k|] s6]/f]df a;fO“ ;/]sf] 5' .

sdnfs'~h, cf]vn9'+uf

ul/vfg]x¿sf] gfddf sljtf M tf/fx¿sf] a:tLdf

ef]uL/fh rflDnª

!= ;Defjgf af]s]sf] sljsf] gfd

        oBlk pgL uLtsf/ klg x'g\ . ‘;'gsf] km"n’ -@)%(_ uLt–;ª\u|x o;sf] k|df0f xf] . pgL cyf{t\ lji0f' /fO{ . pgL cfkm"nfO{ eG5g\ lji0f' >flkt . oxL gfdaf6 pgsf] klxnf] sljtf;ª\u|x ‘tf/fx¿sf] a:tLdf’ -@)^!_ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . oBlk /rgfsf–:j/x¿ ‘>flkt’ gfdn] ;ª\s]t u/]h:tf] lg/fzfjfbL 5}gg\ . :ki6 5, pgsf sljtfx¿ pT;fxsf, hf“u/sf / cfzfsf sljtfx¿ x'g\≤ ul/vfg] ju{sf kIfdf af]lnPsf sljtfx¿ x'g\ . To;sf/0f cfgf] clehftLo :jfy{df 7]; nfUbf d'n'snfO{ ;tLsf] >fk k/]sf] 7fGg] s'nLg juL{o cf/f]k0fk|ltsf] s7f]/ Joª\Uo k|tLt x'G5 ‘>flkt’ gfd . ‘tf/fx¿sf] a:tLdf’ ;ª\u|lxt PstL; sljtfn] k|z:t gof“ / pHHjn ;Defjgfx¿ b]vfPsf 5g\ . k|ultjfbL sljtfsf If]qdf ;Defjgf af]s]sf] sljsf] gfd xf] lji0f' >flkt .

@= sljtfdf w'g

        dfG5]n] >d ug]{ qmddf sljtfeGbf klxn] uLt l;s]sf] xf] . /, uLtsf] zAbeGbf klg klxn] dfG5]n] l;s]sf] rLh w'g -uLtsf] pmhf{_ xf] . To;nfO{ dfG5]n] >dsf] pmhf{sf] ¿kdf pkof]u u/]sf] xf] . uLt To;}n] pmhf{ xf] . kl5 zAbdfkm{t\ w'gnfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfPsf x'g\ kl/>dL / l;h{gzLn dfG5]x¿n] . To;sf/0f >dsf] pkh xf] uLtsf] zAb, w'g / sljtf klg .

        klxn]–klxn]sf sljtf To;sf/0f 5Gbf]a4, nofTds / ufpg ldNg] x'Gy] . kl5Nnf] ;Eotfdf n]lvPsf cfw'lgs sljtfx¿ ufpg ldNg] b]lvGgg\ . t/ klg dfG5]n] w'geGbf csf]{ pGgt ;f+:s[lts pmhf{sf] cfljisf/ gubf{;Dd w'gljgfsf sljtfx¿ sfd nfUg] 5}gg\ . lji0f' >flkt cfkm}+df uLtsf/ klg ePsfn] pgsf sljtfx¿df uLtsf] w'g 5 . w'gx¿ uLtnfO{ dfq xf]Og, sljtfnfO{ klg pmhf{df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ rLh x'g\ . To;}n] cfp“bf lbgx¿df cfgf tL w'gx¿ klxrfg u/]/ cfp“bf sljtfx¿nfO{ pmhf{ agfpg'kg]{ s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kg]{5 slj lji0f' >flktn] . h:tf] ls, k|:t't sljtfdf w'gsf] dL7f; 5 .

wg] ;fO“nf,

Pp6f lgwf]{ HofdL

Pp6f ;femf el/of

h;sf] 9f8df 3fd em'lNsG5

9f8d} 3fd c:tfp“5

-wg] ;fO“nf / bz}+_

#= pHofnf tf/fx¿

        sfd ug]{ dfG5]x¿ g} Oltxf;, ;Eotf / ¿kfGt/0fsf ;+jfxsx¿ x'g\ . /fhf–dxf/fhf of c¿ zf;sx¿nfO{ ;fx|} ckfRo nfUg] kl5Nnf] j}1flgs–bfz{lgs lgisif{ xf] of] . To;sf/0f logLx¿ o; bfz{lgstf / o; ju{sf lj?4df 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ g} 7fGb5g\– ;'Gb/ tf/f, /ftdf pbfpg] / sfd ug]{x¿sf] hLjg rDsfpg] . t/ slj lji0f' >flkt o; em"6 bfz{lgstf / ju{sf kIfdf 5}gg\ . pgnfO{ yfxf 5– oL g} t x'g\ pgsf hLjgsf b'ef{Uo / ;Dk"0f{ s'¿ktfsf ;|f]t≤ w/tLsf ;aeGbf cN5L, k/hLjL hLj . h:tf] ls, slj eG5g\–

hLjg 3fddf 89fP/

d vnvnL kl;gf aufO/x]5'

P ⁄ cN5L hLj

ltdL afb{nLdf

kª\vf 3'dfP/ xfO sf9\b} 5f}

otf cfpm kl;gf lsg

ltdLnfO{ kl;gfsf] d"No yfxf 5}g

-laqmL_

        sljnfO{ yfxf 5– el/of wg] ;fO“nf, vs{sf uf]7fnfx¿, ufp“sf ef]sf k]6x¿ / d'Unfg k;]sf o'jfx¿n] g} t ;+;f/ lemlnldnL agfPsf x'g\≤ ;+;f/ abn]sf x'g\≤ ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f / /rgfsf kl/>dL sflnu9x¿ pg} t x'g\≤ eft[Tj, ;x;DaGw, ;fd"lxstf / k|]dsf ;|f]t klg pg} x'g\≤ / pg} t x'g\ ;Dk"0f{vfn] cTofrf/lj?4sf n8fsf, ljh]tf / gof“ ;+;f/sf lgdf{tf . cyf{t\ pHofnf tf/fx¿ . slj >flktdf oy]i6 ju{r]tgf / kIfw/tf 5 . h:tf] ls,

To;}n] xfdL ldn]/

a;fnf}+ tf/fx¿sf] a:tL

clg ufcf}+ tf/fx¿sf] uLt

ljhosf] Pp6f uLt

-tf/fx¿sf] a:tLdf_

$= ufp“ / slj

        pgL vf]6fª lhNnfsf] a'Okf ufp“sf x'g\ . a'Okf ;flxlTos–;f+:s[lts b[li6n] k'/fgf] pa{/ ynf] xf] . k~rfotsfnb]lv otf Toxf“ y'k|} sljx¿ hGd]sf 5g\ . To; ufp“sf] ef}uf]lns– k|fs[lts pj{/tfo'Qm ljlzi6tf– To;sf] sf/0f xf] . ljj]Ro sljtf;ª\u|xdf ufp“af/]sf sljtfx¿ y'k|} 5g\ . h:tf] M ;kgLdf d]/f] ufp“, vf]6fªleq d, ufp“sf] ;Demgf, P ⁄ k/b]zL cflb . ;x/df /x] klg pgnfO{ ufp“sf] df]xn] 5f8]sf] 5}g . ufp“sf] cGofo–cTofrf/n] ;tfpg 5f]8]sf] 5}g . wg] ;fO“nf, uf]7fnfx¿, ;f]emf ufp“3/, sfd u/]sf] v]taf/L, ls;fg bfh'efO / em'k8L pgsf sljtfsf ;/f]sf/x¿ x'g\ . la:6, dflns, /fIf;h:tf zf]ifsx¿ / eftdf/f g]tfx¿sf lvnfkmdf 5g\ lji0f' >flkt .

        k"“hLjfbL cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfn] ufp“ / ;x/sf aLrdf 7"nf] cGt/fn a9fPsf] 5 . ;x/, k"“hL, ljsf;, pBf]u / ;'ljwfsf] s]Gb| aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ufp“ ef]sd/L, ul/aL, clzIff, k5f}6]kg / pk]Iffsf] lzsf/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . k"“hLjfbL Joj:yf gfkmf–3f6f / ahf/df cfwfl/t Joj:yf ePsfn] Jofkf/ / gfkmfsf] 7"nf] s]Gb| ;x/nfO{ 5f]8]/ pgLx¿sf] Wofg ufp“tkm{ cfslif{t x'g' Psbd c;+ej / ufx|f] 5 . ufp“ >ddf lge{/ ;dfh ePsfn] ufp“sf] ljsf; Toltv]/ dfq ;+ej 5, hlta]nf k"“hL xf]Og, >dzlQmsf cfwf/df /fHoJoj:yf rNb5 . To:tf] Joj:yf eGg' :ki6 5, ul/vfg]x¿sf] /fHo;Qf xf] . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df @)$^ ;fnkl5 klg ufp“ pk]Iff, lje]b / cjx]ngfsf] lzsf/ x'g'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . o:tf] cj:yfk|lt /fHo;Qfsf] cfd"n qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0f rfxg] lji0f' >flkth:tf sljx¿ cfqmf]lzt x'g' :jfefljs 5 . Toxf“ x'g] zf]if0f, pTkL8g / lje]bsf] cGTo rfxg' klg TolQs} :jfefljs 5 . lji0f' >flkt To;sf/0f ;r]t slj x'g\ .

%= ljDa, ljrf/ / sljtf

        sljtf / lrqsf] lgs} glhssf] cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . zAblgld{t lrq g} laDa x'g\, h;n] lglZrt ljrf/sf] ;+jxg ub{5g\ . sljtfdf gof“, hLjGt / pmhf{zLn laDan] lgs} 7"nf] dxŒj /fVb5 . sljtfsf] k|efj / ljrf/:yfkgf laDadf e/ kb{5 . To;sf/0f sljtfdf laDa/rgf / lgdf{0f ;+j]bgzLn / uDeL/ ljifo xf] . slj lji0f' >flktsf] :t/df o; ;Gbe{df ePsf k|oTgx¿ sdhf]/ 5}gg\ . slj lji0f' >flktsf sljtfx¿n] o; ;Gbe{df /fd|f ;Defjgfx¿ b]vfPsf 5g\ . j}rfl/s :t/ psf:t} hfg] xf] eg], al9of ;flxTosf] cWoog a9fp“b} hfg] xf] eg] / ;'Gb/ cEof; / kl/>d ul//xg ;Sg] xf] eg] ef]ln k|ultjfbL sljtfn] /fd|f] k|ltef kfpg]5 . slj lji0f' >flkt;“u Tof] cfzf /fVg ;lsG5 . laDa / ljrf/sf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f ;fgf] gd"gf M

af3n] vs{df

afv|f–j:t' dfl//x]sf]

of] avt

uf]7fnfx¿ sfo/ ag]sf 5g\

xf] afaf,

d tkfO{+nfO{ lgbf]{if kf7f

pkxf/ lbG5'

To;nfO{ x'sf{pg'xf];\

af3af6 arfpg'xf];\

-pkxf/_

        sljtfn] tLj| ;+j]bgfsf ;fy dfG5]nfO{ 5'g'k5{ . Tof] af/Daf/ 3l6t eO/xg] vfnsf] klg x'g'k5{ . dfG5]sf] ;f+:s[lts–dgf]lj1fgdf To;n] xnrn Nofpg'k5{ . Tof] sfd ljrf/nfO{ zlQmzfnL laDax¿dfkm{t\ k|:t't u/]/ dfq ;+ej 5 . pNn]lvt gd"gfn] @)%( c;f]h !* kl5sf] nf]stGqlj/f]wL b/afl/of g[z+;tfsf] cfnf]rgf / k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] dfu u/]sf] :ki6 5 . af3nfO{ /fhb/af/, afv|f–j:t'nfO{ ;fwf/0f g]kfnL, uf]7fnfx¿nfO{ sfo/ g]t[Tj / kf7fnfO{ nf]stGq eg]/ k|:t't ug'{ unt laDak|of]u xf]Ogg\ . o;n] laDa / ljrf/sf] ;+of]hgdf slj ;r]t 5g\ / sljdf ;xL laDasf] rog ug]{ ;fdYo{ 5 eGg] :ki6 kf5{ .

        laDa, ljrf/ / sljtfsf ;Gbe{df slj lji0f' >flktnfO{ ;'emfjsf ¿kdf cf}+Nofpg'kg]{ ;Gbe{x¿ klg sljtfdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; rrf{n] klg sljnfO{ ;zQm ¿kdf cl3 a9\g g} d2t ug]{5 . h:tf] ls, sltko ;Gbe{x¿df slj >flktn] k/Dkl/t / ax'k|rlnt laDax¿sf] k|of]u af/Daf/ u/]sf 5g\ . a'4, ;u/dfyf To:tf laDa x'g\, hf] lbSbf/nfUbf] u/L /fHo;Qfn] s'6lntfk"j{s p5fn]sf ;Dkbf x'g\ . k/Dkl/t cy{df a'4 zflGt / ;u/dfyf :jfledfgsf k|tLssf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/“b} cfPsf 5g\ . /fHo;Qfn] lbPsf] cy{ of] xf] . t/ zf]if0fdf k/]sf, pTkL8gdf k/]sf, lje]bsf lzsf/ t'NofOPsf ul/vfg] ju{sf nflu klg uf}td a'4 zflGtsf / ;u/dfyf :jfledfgsf k|tLs x'g ;S5g\ < zf]lift x'g'sf], pTkLl8t x'g'sf] / lje]bsf] lzsf/ x'g'sf] sf/0fdfly ;f]Rgaf6 lg/k]If /fVgsf nflu /fHo;Qfn] oL laDax¿nfO{ k|of]u u/]sf] 5 . a'4n] rfx]sf] zflGt, clxn]sf] /fHo;Qfn] rfx]sf] zflGt / ul/vfg] ju{n] rfx]sf] zflGt km/s–km/s x'g\ . ul/vfg] ju{n] rfx]sf] zflGt zf]if0f–pTkL8gsf] ;dflKtkl5sf] ;dtfk"0f{ cj:yf xf], t/ /fHo;Qfn] rfx]sf] zflGt p;n] u/]sf] ;a} k|sf/sf] zf]if0f, pTkL8g / lje]bnfO{ r'krfk :jLsf/ u/]/ af“b/sf] cj:yfsf] zflGt xf] . /fHon] uf}td a'4nfO{ o;} cy{sf] zflGtsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] xf] . slj >flktn] a'4nfO{ zflGtsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ubf{ ul/vfg] ju{sf] lxt x'g] u/L eGbf klg /fHo;Qfsf] e|ddf k/]/ ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ . To:t} ;u/dfyfnfO{ :jfledfgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ubf{ klg ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ klg sljn] ul/vfg] ju{sf] lxtdf pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

        To:t} ‘cfdf, cf:yf / chDa/L km"n’ sljtdf klg uNtL ePsf] 5 . pQm sljtfdf ‘eg]/ g;lsg]÷Ps /fdsxfgL x'g\– cfdf’ eg]/ sljn] /fdsxfgL eGg] laDadfkm{t\ cfdfsf] dxfgtfsf]–cj0f{gLotfdfly k|sfz kfg{ vf]h]sf 5g\ t/ uNtL ToxL“ ePsf] 5 . /fdsf] sxfgL jf:tjdf /fhf / /fh;Qfsf] sxfgL xf] . o; sxfgLdfkm{t\ /fHo;Qfn] clxn];Dd klg cfgf] >]i7tf sfod /fVg ;kmntf kfO/x]sf] 5 . /fdsf] sxfgLnfO{ Tolt dxfg\ dfGg' eg]sf] km]l/ klg b/af/ / To;sf] Ps5q /fhnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . o; sxfgLn] o;sf/0f ul/vfg] ju{sf] xf]Og, ;fdGt / b/afl/of zf;sju{s} ;]jf ub{5 . t/ ;f]xL laDanfO{ Joª\UofTds ;Gbe{df k|of]u ubf{ Tof] ;fy{s klg x'G5 . To;sf/0f laDax¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ ju{sf] lxtnfO{ Vofn k'¥ofpg}k5{ . k'/fgf, ax'k|rlnt / ;Qfn] ;Dkbf dfg]sf laDax¿nfO{ k|of]u ubf{ ju{sf] :jfy{df Wofg k'¥ofpg}k5{ . o;/L slj >flktn] k|of]u u/]sf o:tf s]xL laDax¿– oyfl:yltjfbL laDa aGg k'u]sf 5g\≤ ¿kfGt/0fsf/L laDa aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . hfg–cGhfg ePsf oL sdhf]/Lx¿n] slj >flktnfO{ ck/fwL 3f]if0ff ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'“b}g t/ sljn] o;nfO{ ;Rofp“b} hfg' h?/L 5 .

^= /ftf] u'nfa / tf/f

        /ftf] u'nfa ljz]iftM o'jfo'jtLaLrsf] k|]dsf] k|tLs xf] . ‘tf/fx¿sf] a:tLdf’ leq o;vfn] k|]daf/]sf b'O{j6f sljtfx¿ 5g\ . Pp6f, ‘Ps lgDtf]kq’ / bf];|f] ‘cf] ⁄ d]/L lk|of’ . klxnf] sljtf cfgf] k/b]lzPsf] k|]dLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] sljtf xf] . cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfoleq nfx'/] ag]/ hf] ljb]lzg] rng 5, To;k|lt sljsf] tLj| / ;+j]bgzLn c;xdlt 5 . k|]ldsf gd| k|]dlgj]bg ub{5]– æxfdL Pp6f– laxfgL hGdfcf}+ .Æ Pp6f ljxfgL hxf“ 5"t–c5"tsf] lje]b x'“b}g≤ Pp6f laxfgL, hxf“ :qL–k'?ifaLrsf] pTkL8g af“sL /x]sf] x'“b}g≤ Pp6f laxfgL hxf“ zf]ifs / zf]lifth:tf zq'ju{x¿ x'“b}gg\≤ xf], To:tf] Pp6f laxfgL . k|]d, gof“ ljxfgLsf nflu ⁄ dfq zf/Ll/s cfsif{0f / ;DaGweGbf pkNnf] :jfy{sf] nflu k|]dlgj]bg JoQm ePsf] k|:t't sljtf k|]d;DaGwL Pp6f c;n sljtf xf] . csf]{, ‘cf] ⁄ d]/L lk|of’ klg ju{k|]]dsf] lgisif{ k|bfg ug]{ sljtf g} xf] . o;n] klg ju{k|]dsf] k|efjsf/L k|ltlaDag gu/]sf] xf]Og t/ Ps 7fp“df ‘ltdL ju{;“u k|]d u/ . juL{o k|]d t chDa/L x'G5’ eg]/ bfz{lgs–j}rfl/s lgisif{nfO{ nueu csljtfTds, tfls{s / 7f]; efiffdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . of] c+z rflx“ nueu gf/fh:tf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ljrf/nfO{ kufn]/, krfP/ g} sljtfdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ slj >flktn] Wofg k'¥ofpg} k5{ . t/ of] klg :ki6 5– Ps b'O{j6f ;Gbe{x¿afx]s sljn] o;k|sf/sf gf/f dx;'; x'g] ¿kx¿sf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

lgisif{

        slj lji0f' >flkt x'ls{+bf] o'jfk|ltef x'g\ . pgsf] klxnf] sljtf–;ª\u|x ‘tf/fx¿sf] j:tLdf’n] /fd|f] ;+efjgf b]vfPsf] 5 . o; ;ª\u|xn] :ki6 ;+s]t u/]sf] 5– pgn] d]xgt ul//xg ;s] eg] ul/vfg] ju{sf] ;f+:s[lts cfjfh aGg ;Sg]5g\ . s]xL sdhf]/Lx¿sf afah'b klg j}rfl/s–snfTds ;Gbe{df k|:t't ;ª\u|x slj lji0f' >flktsf] ;fk]Iftfdf ;kmn 5 .